With the present study, an attempt has been made to address the issues concerning coordinated and continuous collaborations that fall under that legal case defined as parasubordination, halfway between autonomy and subordination. This dichotomy has always constituted a subject of discussion in doctrine and recently in jurisprudence (Foodora Case Court of Turin, judgment no. 778/2018; Court of Appeal of Turin, Labor Section, judgment 26/2019; Court of Cassation no. 1663/2020) as it raises the question of how to succeed in protecting those "gray" forms of work that have developed in recent years through digital platforms. Following the amendments implemented, as of today under Article 2, Paragraph 1, (Legislative Decree No. 81/2015) new text, the discipline of the subordinate employment relationship applies to collaborative relationships that result in predominantly personal, continuous work performance and whose mode of execution is organized by the principal It is therefore a question of understanding what the effect of th yese changes might be on the current balances between autonomy and subordination and the new protections dictated by the changed legislative environment, also in light of supranational examples. The digital revolution and the expansion of the so-called gig economy, has pushed the legislature toward new intervention to provide a minimum basis of guarantees for self-employed workers on digital platforms along the lines of other European legal systems. Against this backdrop hinges the legislature's introduction of Chapter Va into Legislative Decree 81 of 2015 by Law No. 128 of 2019. The novella turns out to be inspired by a dual rationale, with two distinct fields of application referring to the discipline of hetero-organized collaborations by the principal and the new discipline in Chapter V- bis entitled "Protection of work through digital platforms": while the former concerns the extension of subordinate work to hetero-organized collaborations, for the latter some basic guarantees are provided ad hoc on the assumption that if Article 2, paragraph 1 does not apply, self-employed workers on platforms are guaranteed a minimum safety net consisting of a core of fundamental social rights. The study of this legislation therefore aims to ascertain what the effects of such a change might be in the system of labor law discipline considering the perennial dichotomy between salaried employment with its associated protections and self-employment with all its facets. In this context, the school case of the Territorial Labour Inspectorate of Milan was taken into consideration, which by delegation of the Public Prosecutor's Office at the Court of Milan conducted an assessment on the legal qualification of riders, for whom the real unknown constitutes the analytical remodulation of the subordination bond, whereby a worker who had always been recognized as hetero-directed has become hetero-organized with the consequences in terms of protections connected to it. Drawing from this finding, the inspection powers and penalty profiles arising from a legal qualification of hetero-directed and hetero-organized workers were discussed. Finally, the December 9, 2021 proposal for an EU directive was analyzed, which is intended to promote the correct identification of the employment status of platform workers in order to ensure uniformity of views in national legal systems without prejudice to workers' rights and protections.

Con il presente studio si è cercato affrontare le problematiche riguardanti le collaborazioni coordinate e continuative che rientrano in quella fattispecie giuridica definita parasubordinazione, a metà strada tra autonomia e subordinazione. Tale dicotomia costituisce da sempre oggetto di discussione in dottrina e recentemente in giurisprudenza (Caso Foodora Tribunale di Torino, sentenza n. 778/2018; Corte di Appello di Torino, Sezione Lavoro, sentenza 26/2019; Corte di Cassazione n. 1663/2020) in quanto pone la questione di come riuscire a tutelare quelle forme di lavoro “grigie” sviluppatesi negli ultimi anni attraverso le piattaforme digitali. A seguito delle modifiche attuate, ad oggi ai sensi dell’art 2, comma 1, (D.lgs. n. 81/2015) nuovo testo, la disciplina del rapporto di lavoro subordinato si applica ai rapporti di collaborazione che si concretano in prestazioni di lavoro prevalentemente personali, continuative e le cui modalità di esecuzione sono organizzate dal committente. Si tratta dunque di comprendere quale possa essere l’effetto di queste modifiche sugli attuali equilibri tra autonomia e subordinazione e delle nuove tutele dettate dal mutato contesto legislativo anche alla luce degli esempi sovranazionali. La rivoluzione digitale e l’espansione della c.d. gig economy, ha spinto il legislatore verso un nuovo intervento per fornire una base minima di garanzie a favore dei lavoratori autonomi delle piattaforme digitali sulla falsa riga di altri sistemi giuridici europei. In tale contesto si incardina l’introduzione da parte del legislatore del Capo V bis nel decreto legislativo 81 del 2015 con la legge n. 128 del 2019. La novella risulta ispirata da una duplice ratio, con due distinti campi di applicazione riferibili al disciplina delle collaborazioni etero organizzate dal committente e alla nuova disciplina di cui al Capo V- bis intitolato “Tutela del lavoro tramite piattaforme digitali”: mentre il primo riguarda l’estensione del lavoro subordinato ai rapporti di collaborazione etero - organizzati, per il secondo vengono apprestate ad hoc alcune garanzie di base sul presupposto che qualora non trovi applicazione l’art 2, comma 1, ai lavoratori autonomi delle piattaforme sia garantita una rete minima di sicurezza costituita da un nucleo di diritti sociali fondamentali. Lo studio di tale normativa si propone dunque di verificare quale possano essere gli effetti di tale modifica nel sistema di disciplina giuslavoristico considerando la perenne dicotomia tra lavoro subordinato con le tutele ad esso connesse e il lavoro autonomo con tutte le sue sfaccettature. In tale contesto è stato preso in considerazione il caso scuola dell’Ispettorato Territoriale di Milano che su delega della Procura della Repubblica presso il Tribunale di Milano ha condotto un accertamento sulla qualificazione giuridica dei riders, per i quali la vera incognita costituisce la rimodulazione analitica del vincolo di subordinazione, per cui un lavoratore da sempre riconosciuto etero -diretto è diventato etero- organizzato con le conseguenze in termini di tutele ad essa connessa. Traendo spunto da tale accertamento sono stati trattati i poteri ispettivi e i profili sanzionatori che derivano da una qualificazione giuridica di lavoratori etero -diretti ed etero – organizzati. E’ stata infine analizzata la proposta di direttiva comunitaria del 9 dicembre 2021 con la quale si intende favorire la corretta identificazione dello status occupazionale dei lavoratori su piattaforma, al fine di garantire uniformità di vedute negli ordinamenti nazionali senza arrecare pregiudizio ai diritti e alle tutele dei lavoratori

Dalle collaborazioni coordinate alle collaborazioni etero- organizzate: limiti, prospettive e profili sanzionatori in ambito ispettivo / Maria Angelica Saponara , 2023 Feb 10. 35. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2021/2022.

Dalle collaborazioni coordinate alle collaborazioni etero- organizzate: limiti, prospettive e profili sanzionatori in ambito ispettivo.

SAPONARA, MARIA ANGELICA
2023

Abstract

With the present study, an attempt has been made to address the issues concerning coordinated and continuous collaborations that fall under that legal case defined as parasubordination, halfway between autonomy and subordination. This dichotomy has always constituted a subject of discussion in doctrine and recently in jurisprudence (Foodora Case Court of Turin, judgment no. 778/2018; Court of Appeal of Turin, Labor Section, judgment 26/2019; Court of Cassation no. 1663/2020) as it raises the question of how to succeed in protecting those "gray" forms of work that have developed in recent years through digital platforms. Following the amendments implemented, as of today under Article 2, Paragraph 1, (Legislative Decree No. 81/2015) new text, the discipline of the subordinate employment relationship applies to collaborative relationships that result in predominantly personal, continuous work performance and whose mode of execution is organized by the principal It is therefore a question of understanding what the effect of th yese changes might be on the current balances between autonomy and subordination and the new protections dictated by the changed legislative environment, also in light of supranational examples. The digital revolution and the expansion of the so-called gig economy, has pushed the legislature toward new intervention to provide a minimum basis of guarantees for self-employed workers on digital platforms along the lines of other European legal systems. Against this backdrop hinges the legislature's introduction of Chapter Va into Legislative Decree 81 of 2015 by Law No. 128 of 2019. The novella turns out to be inspired by a dual rationale, with two distinct fields of application referring to the discipline of hetero-organized collaborations by the principal and the new discipline in Chapter V- bis entitled "Protection of work through digital platforms": while the former concerns the extension of subordinate work to hetero-organized collaborations, for the latter some basic guarantees are provided ad hoc on the assumption that if Article 2, paragraph 1 does not apply, self-employed workers on platforms are guaranteed a minimum safety net consisting of a core of fundamental social rights. The study of this legislation therefore aims to ascertain what the effects of such a change might be in the system of labor law discipline considering the perennial dichotomy between salaried employment with its associated protections and self-employment with all its facets. In this context, the school case of the Territorial Labour Inspectorate of Milan was taken into consideration, which by delegation of the Public Prosecutor's Office at the Court of Milan conducted an assessment on the legal qualification of riders, for whom the real unknown constitutes the analytical remodulation of the subordination bond, whereby a worker who had always been recognized as hetero-directed has become hetero-organized with the consequences in terms of protections connected to it. Drawing from this finding, the inspection powers and penalty profiles arising from a legal qualification of hetero-directed and hetero-organized workers were discussed. Finally, the December 9, 2021 proposal for an EU directive was analyzed, which is intended to promote the correct identification of the employment status of platform workers in order to ensure uniformity of views in national legal systems without prejudice to workers' rights and protections.
From coordinated collaborations to hetero-organized collaborations: limits, perspectives and penalty profiles in inspection.
10-feb-2023
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