Personalizing configuration for atrial fibrillation external electrical cardioversion to improve first shock efficacy

Background Despite the common use of biphasic electrical cardioversion (ECV) to convert atrial fibrillation (AF), we lack definite recommendations on electrode configuration. Methods We adopted a quasi-experimental design enrolling all candidates to ECV for AF. In the first stage, two units were involved, one using antero-apical pads (AAP) and the second antero-posterior adhesive patches (APP). These data enabled the creation of a decision algorithm to personalize the ECV approach, which was subsequently validated during the second stage. Results A total of 492 patients were enrolled overall. In the first stage, APP and AAP presented similar conversion rates (87.4 vs. 86.9% at first attempt of a step-up protocol, P = 0.661). While body surface area (BSA) <= 2.12 m(2) was an independent predictor in the overall population, the two components (height and weight) acted differently in the two configurations: being height <= 1.73 m(2) a significant cut-off value in the AAP subgroup, and weight <83 kg in the APP subgroup. Considering these cut-offs, we developed a decision algorithm for electrode configuration. In the second stage, algorithm validation confirmed an improvement in the first shock efficacy with respect to the results of the first stage (93.2 vs. 87.2%, P = 0.025), with a significant reduction in shock impedance (70.8 +/- 15.3 vs. 81.8 +/- 15.6, P < 0.001). Conclusion Patients with high BSA require high energy shocks for sinus rhythm restoration with ECV. Weight seems to affect more APP configuration, while height seems to impact more for the AAP. These findings have the potential to optimize ECV in clinical practice.