There are only five boron-containing compounds on the market, but several boronates are in clinical or preclinical phases. The most important therapeutic fields of application are the anti-cancer and the anti-bacterial ones. As anti-bacterials, boronic compounds are adjuvants of commonly used β-lactam antibiotics to avoid bacterial resistance, impairing the main mechanism that is the production of β-lactamases (BL). Boronic Acids are often called Transition State Inhibitors (BATSIs), because they inhibit BL by reversibly forming a tetrahedral adduct that resembles the high-energy intermediate of acylation-deacylation step. My doctoral project was focused on the design and synthesis of inhibitors active against all classes of ΒL: class A and class C BL (Serine BL), class B (Metallo BL) and/or class D enzymes (Serine BL). Starting from the structure of an in house lead BATSI, S02030, bioisosteric replacements of the amide chain with either a triazole or a sulphonamide allowed the identification of promising scaffolds. I obtained a library of 26 1,2,3-triazoles BATSIs displaying a good inhibitory activity against two of the most clinically- relevant SBL: the Acinetobacter Derived Cephalosporinases ADC-7 (Kis from 0.090 μM to 33 μM) and the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase, KPC-2 (Kis from 1 nM to 1 μM). These compounds proved able to restore cephalosporin susceptibility at a fixed concentration of 4 μg/mL. X-Ray crystal structures and docking studies showed that α-triazolylboronic acids display some important interactions with conserved residues in the active site of ADC-7 and KPC-2 enzymes. To extend the activity of such α-triazolylboronic acids against class B, metallo BL, I decorated these molecules with several zinc binding groups. Indeed, metallo BL possess one or two zinc ions in their catalytic pocket. Seven compounds were synthesised and preliminary in vitro tests highlighted a promising activity on VIM-2 (IC50= 7.7 μM). Moving from these inhibitors, the X-Ray structure of OXA-23, a class D β-lactamases, allowed the rational design of β-triazolylboronic acids, possessing an extra methylene group between the triazole and the boronic moiety. A series of 10 molecules were synthesized and tested on OXA 23 and OXA 24/40. The bioisosteric replacement of the amide with sulphonamide led to sulphonamide BATSIs, where compound 30b proved to be a good inhibitor of class C enzymes (Ki vs AmpC = 0.0013 μM; Ki vs ADC-7 = 0.160 μM), class A (Ki vs SHV-1 = 0.430 μM; Ki vs KPC-2 = 0.200 μM) and class D β-lactamases in the nanomolar range (OXA 24/40, Ki = 0.300 μM), thus representing one of the few examples of cross class A, C and D β-lactamase inhibitor. Starting from the analysis of its binding mode, a series of chiral sulphonamide-boronic acids with a little R2 hydrophobic chain was synthesised. Finally, I faced the optimization of the lead BATSI S02030 by the insertion of different substituents on the R1 acylamido chain. The result was the discovery of MB076, good inhibitor of both class A (KPC-2, IC50 = 0.132 μM) and class C β- lactamases (ADC-7, Ki = 0.020 μM). It was tested in vitro (with CAZ 4 μg/mL, MIC decreased from 32 μg/mL to 0.12 μg/mL in ADC-7 and from 32 μg/mL to 0.5 μg/mL in KPC-2 expressing strains) and, given its ability of restoring antibiotic activity, I set up a large-scale synthesis for in vivo tests on animal models. Moreover, several analogues of this compound were synthesised aiming to improve activity and to obtain orally bioavailable derivatives. The aims we achieved demonstrate that BATSIs are an effective solution in the fight against antimicrobial resistance and some preliminary studies highlighted possible applications of these compounds in different therapeutic areas.

Ci sono solo cinque composti boronici sul mercato, ma diversi boronati sono in fase clinica o preclinica. I più importanti campi di applicazione terapeutici sono l’antitumorale e l’antibatterico. Come antibatterici, i composti boronici sono adiuvanti degli antibiotici β-lattamici per evitare la resistenza batterica, compromettendo il meccanismo principale di quest’ultima che è la produzione di β-lattamasi (BL). Gli acidi boronici sono spesso chiamati inibitori dello stato di transizione (BATSI), perché inibiscono BL formando in modo reversibile un addotto tetraedrico che assomiglia all'intermedio ad alta energia della fase di acilazione-deacilazione. Il mio progetto di dottorato si è concentrato sulla progettazione e sintesi di inibitori attivi contro tutte le classi di ΒL: classe A e classe C BL (Serina BL), classe B (Metallo BL) e/o classe D (Serina BL). Partendo dalla struttura del BATSI S02030 precedentemente sintetizzato nel nostro laboratorio, sostituzioni bioisosteriche della catena ammidica con un triazolo o una sulfonammide hanno permesso di identificare scaffold promettenti. Ho ottenuto una libreria di 26 1,2,3-triazoli che mostrano una buona attività inibitoria contro due delle SBL clinicamente più rilevanti: Acinetobacter Derived Cephalosporinase ADC-7 (Kis da 0,090 μM a 33 μM) e Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemasi, KPC-2 (Kis da 1 nM a 1 μM). Questi composti sono in grado di ripristinare la suscettibilità alle cefalosporine a una concentrazione fissa di 4 μg/mL. Strutture cristalline a raggi X e studi di docking hanno mostrato che gli acidi α-triazolilboronici interagiscono con i residui conservati nel sito attivo degli enzimi ADC-7 e KPC-2. Per estendere l'attività di tali acidi α-triazolilboronici contro la classe B (metallo BL), ho decorato queste molecole con diversi gruppi leganti lo zinco. Infatti, le metallo BL possiedono uno o due ioni zinco nella tasca catalitica. Sono stati sintetizzati sette composti e test preliminari in vitro hanno evidenziato un'attività promettente su VIM-2 (IC50= 7,7 μM). A partire da questi inibitori, la struttura a raggi X di OXA-23, una β-lattamasi di classe D, ha permesso la progettazione di acidi β-triazolilboronici, che possiedono un gruppo metilenico extra tra il triazolo e l’acido boronico. Dieci molecole sono state sintetizzate e testate su OXA 23 e OXA 24/40. La sostituzione bioisosterica dell'ammide con una sulfonammide ha portato a sulphonamide- BATSI, tra i quali il composto 30b si è dimostrato un buon inibitore degli enzimi di classe C (Ki vs AmpC = 0.0013 μM; Ki vs ADC-7 = 0.160 μM), classe A (Ki vs SHV -1 = 0,430 μM; Ki vs KPC-2 = 0.200 μM) e classe D nell'intervallo nanomolare (OXA 24/40, Ki = 0.300 μM), rappresentando così uno dei pochi esempi di inibitore cross-classe A, C e D. Partendo dall'analisi della sua modalità di legame, è stata sintetizzata una serie di acidi sulfonammido-boronici chirali con una piccola catena idrofobica R2. Infine, ho affrontato l'ottimizzazione del BATSI S02030 mediante l'inserimento di diversi sostituenti sulla catena acilammidica R1. Il risultato è stata la scoperta di MB076, buon inibitore sia di β-lattamasi di classe A (KPC-2, IC50 = 0.132 μM) che di classe C (ADC-7, Ki = 0.020 μM). È stato testato in vitro (con CAZ 4 μg/mL, MIC diminuisce da 32 μg/mL a 0.12 μg/mL in ADC-7 e da 32 μg/mL a 0.5 μg/mL in ceppi che esprimono KPC-2) e, data la sua capacità di ripristinare l'attività antibiotica, ho messo a punto una sintesi su larga scala per test in vivo su modelli animali. Inoltre, sono stati sintetizzati diversi analoghi di questo composto allo scopo di migliorarne l'attività e di ottenere derivati biodisponibili per via orale. Gli obiettivi raggiunti dimostrano che i BATSI sono una soluzione efficace nella lotta alla resistenza antimicrobica e alcuni studi preliminari hanno evidenziato possibili applicazioni di questi composti in aree terapeutiche diverse.

Design e Sintesi di Composti Contenenti Boro e loro uso come Antibatterici / Maria Luisa Introvigne , 2022 Sep 30. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.

Design e Sintesi di Composti Contenenti Boro e loro uso come Antibatterici

INTROVIGNE, MARIA LUISA
2022

Abstract

There are only five boron-containing compounds on the market, but several boronates are in clinical or preclinical phases. The most important therapeutic fields of application are the anti-cancer and the anti-bacterial ones. As anti-bacterials, boronic compounds are adjuvants of commonly used β-lactam antibiotics to avoid bacterial resistance, impairing the main mechanism that is the production of β-lactamases (BL). Boronic Acids are often called Transition State Inhibitors (BATSIs), because they inhibit BL by reversibly forming a tetrahedral adduct that resembles the high-energy intermediate of acylation-deacylation step. My doctoral project was focused on the design and synthesis of inhibitors active against all classes of ΒL: class A and class C BL (Serine BL), class B (Metallo BL) and/or class D enzymes (Serine BL). Starting from the structure of an in house lead BATSI, S02030, bioisosteric replacements of the amide chain with either a triazole or a sulphonamide allowed the identification of promising scaffolds. I obtained a library of 26 1,2,3-triazoles BATSIs displaying a good inhibitory activity against two of the most clinically- relevant SBL: the Acinetobacter Derived Cephalosporinases ADC-7 (Kis from 0.090 μM to 33 μM) and the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase, KPC-2 (Kis from 1 nM to 1 μM). These compounds proved able to restore cephalosporin susceptibility at a fixed concentration of 4 μg/mL. X-Ray crystal structures and docking studies showed that α-triazolylboronic acids display some important interactions with conserved residues in the active site of ADC-7 and KPC-2 enzymes. To extend the activity of such α-triazolylboronic acids against class B, metallo BL, I decorated these molecules with several zinc binding groups. Indeed, metallo BL possess one or two zinc ions in their catalytic pocket. Seven compounds were synthesised and preliminary in vitro tests highlighted a promising activity on VIM-2 (IC50= 7.7 μM). Moving from these inhibitors, the X-Ray structure of OXA-23, a class D β-lactamases, allowed the rational design of β-triazolylboronic acids, possessing an extra methylene group between the triazole and the boronic moiety. A series of 10 molecules were synthesized and tested on OXA 23 and OXA 24/40. The bioisosteric replacement of the amide with sulphonamide led to sulphonamide BATSIs, where compound 30b proved to be a good inhibitor of class C enzymes (Ki vs AmpC = 0.0013 μM; Ki vs ADC-7 = 0.160 μM), class A (Ki vs SHV-1 = 0.430 μM; Ki vs KPC-2 = 0.200 μM) and class D β-lactamases in the nanomolar range (OXA 24/40, Ki = 0.300 μM), thus representing one of the few examples of cross class A, C and D β-lactamase inhibitor. Starting from the analysis of its binding mode, a series of chiral sulphonamide-boronic acids with a little R2 hydrophobic chain was synthesised. Finally, I faced the optimization of the lead BATSI S02030 by the insertion of different substituents on the R1 acylamido chain. The result was the discovery of MB076, good inhibitor of both class A (KPC-2, IC50 = 0.132 μM) and class C β- lactamases (ADC-7, Ki = 0.020 μM). It was tested in vitro (with CAZ 4 μg/mL, MIC decreased from 32 μg/mL to 0.12 μg/mL in ADC-7 and from 32 μg/mL to 0.5 μg/mL in KPC-2 expressing strains) and, given its ability of restoring antibiotic activity, I set up a large-scale synthesis for in vivo tests on animal models. Moreover, several analogues of this compound were synthesised aiming to improve activity and to obtain orally bioavailable derivatives. The aims we achieved demonstrate that BATSIs are an effective solution in the fight against antimicrobial resistance and some preliminary studies highlighted possible applications of these compounds in different therapeutic areas.
Design and Synthesis of Boron Containing Compounds and Their Use as Antibacterial Agents
30-set-2022
PRATI, Fabio
CASELLI, Emilia
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