The Embodied theoretical approach to the study of language asserts an involvement of the sensorimotor system in the processing of several of its aspects. Abstract concepts and words, still represent one of the biggest challenges for this approach. In fact, if the involvement of the sensorimotor system can be clear and intuitive with regard to the processing of concrete concepts and words, such as those related to action, with regard to abstract concepts is still a matter of debate. This thesis focuses on a particular type of abstract concept: the logical operator of negation, which is considered a unique feature of human communication, purely linguistic, therefore abstract. In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in the scientific literature in the processing of negation. However, the underlying neural mechanism is still a matter of debate. Recently, it has been proposed that a good candidate for this role may be inhibitory mechanisms. The three studies presented here are part of this debate, with the aim of clarifying the involvement of inhibitory mechanisms and enriching the scarce evidence in the scientific literature. The first study connects to a study by Beltran et al., (2018) which, using the Stop Signal task (SST) in association with electroencephalography (EEG), shows an involvement of the inhibitory system during the processing of negative sentences regarding hand action compared to their affirmative counterpart. Our original idea was to replicate the study by Beltran et al., (2018) using abstract sentences. However, from a thorough study of their experimental design and the SST, we decided to replicate their behavioral study using sentences regarding hand action, but making a substantial number of changes in order to more rigidly adhere to the directions suggested by the creators of the SST (Logan et al., 2018). Our results are in line with those of Beltran and colleagues (2018), emphasizing the effective involvement of inhibitory mechanisms in the processing of negative sentences and the goodness of the paradigm to be used for such research purposes. The second study investigates the involvement of inhibitory mechanisms with the EEG technique. Finally, the third study stems from the observation that all studies investigating the role of inhibitory mechanisms in the processing of linguistic negation use explicit forms of negation. In this case, negation is explicitly present at the lexical level in the sentence, through the use of particles, such as "no" and "not". However, in 1976 Clark proposed a distinction between explicit and implicit forms of negation, where the latter consist of forms of negation based on implicatures and presuppositions. It follows, that negation in this case is conveyed only by the meaning of the sentence. In this context, we carried out two Go/NoGo studies, with the aim of investigating whether the processing of sentences formulated in an affirmative form but containing an implicit negation (e.g., "I ignore") recruits the involvement of inhibitory mechanisms and whether these inhibitory resources are modulated differently by explicit and implicit forms of negation. Results showed that implicit negation recruits inhibitory mechanisms more strongly, probably because of their more negative emotional valence and inferential nature, which could result in deeper processing of the sentence and, consequently, greater activation of the sensorimotor system.

L’approccio teorico Embodied allo studio del linguaggio afferma un coinvolgimento del sistema sensori-motorio nell’elaborazione di diversi suoi aspetti. I concetti e le parole astratte, rappresentano ancora oggi una delle più grandi sfide per questo approccio. Infatti, se il coinvolgimento del sistema sensori-motorio può risultare chiaro e intuitivo per quanto riguarda l’elaborazione di concetti e parole concrete, come quelle legate all’azione, per quanto riguarda i concetti astratti è ancora oggetto di dibattito. La presente tesi si focalizza su un particolare tipo di concetto astratto: l’operatore logico della negazione, considerata una caratteristica unica della comunicazione umana, puramente linguistica, pertanto astratta. Negli ultimi decenni, nella letteratura scientifica c’è stato un crescente interesse per l’elaborazione della negazione. Tuttavia, il meccanismo neurale sottostante è ancora oggetto di dibattito. Recentemente è stato proposto che un buon candidato a questo ruolo possano essere i meccanismi inibitori. I tre studi qui presentati si inseriscono in questo dibattito, con l’obiettivo di chiarire il coinvolgimento dei meccanismi inibitori e di arricchendo le scarse evidenze nella letteratura scientifica. Il primo studio si connette a uno studio di Beltran et al., (2018) che, utilizzando lo Stop Signal task (SST) in associazione all’elettroencefalogramma (EEG), mostra un coinvolgimento del sistema inibitorio durante l’elaborazione di frasi negative riguardanti l’azione della mano rispetto alla loro controparte affermativa. La nostra idea originaria era quella di replicare lo studio di Beltran et al., (2018) utilizzando le frasi astratte. Tuttavia, da uno studio approfondito del loro disegno sperimentale e dello SST, abbiamo deciso di replicare il loro studio comportamentale utilizzando frasi riguardanti l’azione della mano, apportando però un numero sostanziale di cambiamenti, al fine di aderire in modo più rigido alle indicazioni suggerite dagli ideatori dello SST (Logan et al., 2018). I nostri risultati sono in linea con quelli di Beltran e colleghi (2018), sottolineando l’effettivo coinvolgimento dei meccanismi inibitori nell’elaborazione di frasi negative e la bontà del paradigma per essere utilizzato a tali scopi di ricerca. Il secondo studio indaga il coinvolgimento dei meccanismi inibitori con la tecnica EEG. Infine, il terzo studio nasce dall’osservazione che tutti gli studi che indagano il ruolo dei meccanismi inibitori nell’elaborazione della negazione linguistica, utilizzano forme esplicite di negazione. In questo caso, la negazione è esplicitamente presente a livello lessicale nella frase, attraverso l’utilizzo di particelle, quali “no” e “non”. Tuttavia, nel 1976 Clark propose una distinzione tra forme esplicite ed implicite di negazione, dove le ultime consistono in forme di negazione basate su implicature e presupposizioni. Ne consegue, che la negazione in questo caso è veicolata solo dal significato della frase. In questo contesto, abbiamo svolto due studi Go/NoGo, con lo scopo di indagare se l’elaborazione di frasi formulate in forma affermativa, ma contenenti una negazione implicita (e.g., “Io ignoro”) reclutano il coinvolgimento dei meccanismi inibitori e se tali risorse inibitorie sono modulate in modo differente dalle forme esplicite ed implicite di negazione. I risultati hanno mostrato che la negazione implicita recluta i meccanismi inibitori in modo più forte, probabilmente a causa della loro valenza emotiva più negativa e della loro natura inferenziale, che potrebbe determinare un’elaborazione più profonda della frase e, di conseguenza, una maggior attivazione del sistema sensori-motorio.

Un approccio embodied allo studio della negazione. Evidenze comportamentali ed elettroencefalografiche sul ruolo dei meccanismi inibitori nell’elaborazione di forme esplicite ed implicite di negazione linguistica / Martina Montalti , 2022 May 31. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.

Un approccio embodied allo studio della negazione. Evidenze comportamentali ed elettroencefalografiche sul ruolo dei meccanismi inibitori nell’elaborazione di forme esplicite ed implicite di negazione linguistica

MONTALTI, MARTINA
2022

Abstract

The Embodied theoretical approach to the study of language asserts an involvement of the sensorimotor system in the processing of several of its aspects. Abstract concepts and words, still represent one of the biggest challenges for this approach. In fact, if the involvement of the sensorimotor system can be clear and intuitive with regard to the processing of concrete concepts and words, such as those related to action, with regard to abstract concepts is still a matter of debate. This thesis focuses on a particular type of abstract concept: the logical operator of negation, which is considered a unique feature of human communication, purely linguistic, therefore abstract. In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in the scientific literature in the processing of negation. However, the underlying neural mechanism is still a matter of debate. Recently, it has been proposed that a good candidate for this role may be inhibitory mechanisms. The three studies presented here are part of this debate, with the aim of clarifying the involvement of inhibitory mechanisms and enriching the scarce evidence in the scientific literature. The first study connects to a study by Beltran et al., (2018) which, using the Stop Signal task (SST) in association with electroencephalography (EEG), shows an involvement of the inhibitory system during the processing of negative sentences regarding hand action compared to their affirmative counterpart. Our original idea was to replicate the study by Beltran et al., (2018) using abstract sentences. However, from a thorough study of their experimental design and the SST, we decided to replicate their behavioral study using sentences regarding hand action, but making a substantial number of changes in order to more rigidly adhere to the directions suggested by the creators of the SST (Logan et al., 2018). Our results are in line with those of Beltran and colleagues (2018), emphasizing the effective involvement of inhibitory mechanisms in the processing of negative sentences and the goodness of the paradigm to be used for such research purposes. The second study investigates the involvement of inhibitory mechanisms with the EEG technique. Finally, the third study stems from the observation that all studies investigating the role of inhibitory mechanisms in the processing of linguistic negation use explicit forms of negation. In this case, negation is explicitly present at the lexical level in the sentence, through the use of particles, such as "no" and "not". However, in 1976 Clark proposed a distinction between explicit and implicit forms of negation, where the latter consist of forms of negation based on implicatures and presuppositions. It follows, that negation in this case is conveyed only by the meaning of the sentence. In this context, we carried out two Go/NoGo studies, with the aim of investigating whether the processing of sentences formulated in an affirmative form but containing an implicit negation (e.g., "I ignore") recruits the involvement of inhibitory mechanisms and whether these inhibitory resources are modulated differently by explicit and implicit forms of negation. Results showed that implicit negation recruits inhibitory mechanisms more strongly, probably because of their more negative emotional valence and inferential nature, which could result in deeper processing of the sentence and, consequently, greater activation of the sensorimotor system.
The embodiment of negation. Behavioural and EEG evidence on the role of motor inhibitory mechanisms during the processing of explicit and implicit forms of sentence negation
31-mag-2022
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1283138
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