Ectopic calcification (EC) is a progressive deposition of calcium-phosphate salts actively involving cells and the extracellular matrix. Aberrant mineralization is responsible for the severe impairment of the mechanical properties of soft connective tissues and takes place in several acquired and genetic conditions. Despite the number of studies performed so far, the following issues are still unresolved: 1) the genetic complexity and heterogeneity of EC; 2) the role of mesenchymal cells and/or of the extracellular environment in modulating mineral deposition; 3) the identification of molecular pathogenetic pathways; 4) the mechanisms controlling the localization of mineral deposits in specific areas within a tissue. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a genetic disorder characterized by a progressive mineralization of elastic fibers within soft connective tissues, being considered a paradigm of EC diseases, is frequently used as a model to understand the complexity of EC. Rare pathogenic sequence variants in the ABCC6 gene are mostly responsible for the onset of PXE. A large cohort of Italian PXE patients was retrospectively investigated to better evaluate the occurrence of clinical manifestations (from the most frequent affecting skin, eyes, and the cardiovascular system, to the less frequent as stroke, gastrointestinal hemorrhages, and nephrolithiasis) depending also on age, gender, and type of mutations. Moreover, to improve PXE patients’ counselling, the clinical score system (i.e., Phenodex index), was updated by adding ophthalmological findings, which characterize either very early or late manifestations. Since, it has been proposed that the heterogeneity of the PXE phenotype can be related to modifiers genes, whole exome sequencing analysis were performed on several PXE patients. Data highlighted the: i) occurrence of a digenic inheritance of ABCC6 and GGCX or of ABCC6 and ENPP1; ii) presence of pathogenic variants in inherited retinal diseases genes (i.e., ABCC4, IMPG1), thus widening the spectrum of genes potentially involved in the disease progression; iii) involvement of genes contributing to the assembly, maintenance and stability of elastic fibers which create a more favorable local environment to mineral deposition and iv) participation of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. Consistently, by a multidisciplinary approach, it was demonstrated that PXE mitochondria were morphologically modified and characterized by an altered proteome affecting redox balance, oxidative phosphorylation, and calcium homeostasis. Moreover, the mitochondrial-dependent oxidative stress can lead to the activation of SMAD signaling pathways as inducer of the expression of calcifying genes. This pathway was also investigated in control skin and in both clinically affected (CAS) and unaffected (CUS) PXE skin biopsies from the same patient. Compared to control skin, SMAD signaling was activated in PXE regardless of the skin area (i.e., CUS or CAS). However, the activated SMAD signaling is not sufficient to induce the calcification of elastic fiber, because CUS elastic fibers appear degraded, but not calcified, suggesting that additional local factors can contribute to the pro-osteogenic environment. An in vitro model system was therefore fine-tuned to investigate the mineralization of elastin fibrillar structures hydrolyzed and incubated in cell-free environmental milieu of different ionic composition. Results demonstrated that mineral deposition on insoluble elastin depends on type of hydrolysis, on the presence of specific ionic species and on their concentration, thus explaining why, in vivo, non-calcified and calcified elastic fibers can coexist within the same tissue.

La calcificazione ectopica (CE) è una deposizione patologica di sali di calcio-fosfato che coinvolge attivamente le cellule e la matrice extracellulare. La CE si verifica in diverse condizioni acquisite e genetiche portando ad una grave compromissione delle proprietà meccaniche dei tessuti connettivi lassi (TCL). Nonostante i numerosi studi effettuati finora, alcuni quesiti rimangono ancora irrisolti: 1) la complessità genetica e l'eterogeneità della CE; 2) il ruolo delle cellule mesenchimali e/o dell'ambiente extracellulare nel modulare la deposizione di minerali; 3) l'identificazione delle vie molecolari coinvolte nel processo patogenetico; 4) i meccanismi che controllano le CE in aree specifiche di un determinato tessuto. Lo Pseudoxantoma elasticum (PXE) è una malattia genetica, caratterizzata da una progressiva mineralizzazione delle fibre elastiche dei TCL, frequentemente utilizzata come modello per comprendere la complessità delle CE. Varianti patogenetiche rare nel gene ABCC6 sono responsabili dell'insorgenza di PXE. Un'ampia coorte di pazienti italiani PXE è stata studiata retrospettivamente per valutare l'insorgenza di manifestazioni cliniche (dalle più frequenti a carico di cute, occhi e sistema cardiovascolare, a quelle meno frequenti come ictus, emorragie gastrointestinali e nefrolitiasi) a seconda dell'età, del genere e del tipo di mutazioni. Inoltre, per migliorare la consulenza dei pazienti PXE, lo score clinico (Phenodex), è stato implementato con manifestazioni oftalmologiche, che permettono di caratterizzare i disturbi molto precoci o tardivi. Poiché l'eterogeneità del fenotipo PXE può essere correlata a geni modificatori, sono stati condotti studi di sequenziamento dell’esoma completo i cui risultati evidenziano: i) la presenza di un'ereditarietà digenica di ABCC6 e GGCX o di ABCC6 e ENPP1; ii) la presenza di varianti genetiche rare in geni coinvolti in patologie retiniche ereditarie (es. ABCC4, IMPG1), ampliando così lo spettro dei geni potenzialmente coinvolti nella progressione della malattia; iii) il coinvolgimento di geni che contribuiscono all'assemblaggio, mantenimento e stabilità delle fibre elastiche creando un ambiente locale pro-calcificante iv) la partecipazione di geni che codificano per proteine mitocondriali. Quest’ultimo dato è stato approfondito con un approccio multidisciplinare su fibroblasti PXE i cui mitocondri risultavano morfologicamente modificati e caratterizzati da un proteoma alterato influenzando l'equilibrio redox, la fosforilazione ossidativa e l'omeostasi del calcio. Inoltre, è noto che lo stress ossidativo può portare all'attivazione delle vie di segnale SMAD che promuovono l'espressione di geni pro-calcificanti. Tale via è stata studiata confrontando la cute di controllo con la cute clinicamente affetta (CAS) e non affetta (CUS) dello stesso paziente PXE. Rispetto al controllo, la via delle SMAD risulta attivata nel PXE indipendentemente dall'area cutanea (CUS o CAS). Tuttavia, l’attivazione delle SMAD non è sufficiente per indurre la calcificazione delle fibre elastiche, in quanto quest’ultime nel CUS appaiono degradate ma non calcificate, suggerendo che ulteriori fattori locali possono contribuire all'ambiente pro-osteogenico. È stato quindi sviluppato un modello in vitro per studiare la mineralizzazione delle strutture fibrillari dell’elastina idrolizzate ed incubate in mezzi a diversa composizione ionica. I risultati dimostrano che la deposizione di minerali sull'elastina insolubile dipende dal tipo di idrolisi, dalla presenza di specie ioniche specifiche e dalla loro concentrazione, spiegando il motivo per cui le fibre elastiche non calcificate e calcificate in vivo possono coesistere all'interno dello stesso tessuto.

Il ruolo del microambiente nei meccanismi patologici delle calcificazioni ectopiche: approfondimenti genetici e cellulari dal modello Pseudoxanthoma elastiscum / Francesco Demetrio Lofaro , 2022 May 23. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.

Il ruolo del microambiente nei meccanismi patologici delle calcificazioni ectopiche: approfondimenti genetici e cellulari dal modello Pseudoxanthoma elastiscum

LOFARO, FRANCESCO DEMETRIO
2022

Abstract

Ectopic calcification (EC) is a progressive deposition of calcium-phosphate salts actively involving cells and the extracellular matrix. Aberrant mineralization is responsible for the severe impairment of the mechanical properties of soft connective tissues and takes place in several acquired and genetic conditions. Despite the number of studies performed so far, the following issues are still unresolved: 1) the genetic complexity and heterogeneity of EC; 2) the role of mesenchymal cells and/or of the extracellular environment in modulating mineral deposition; 3) the identification of molecular pathogenetic pathways; 4) the mechanisms controlling the localization of mineral deposits in specific areas within a tissue. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a genetic disorder characterized by a progressive mineralization of elastic fibers within soft connective tissues, being considered a paradigm of EC diseases, is frequently used as a model to understand the complexity of EC. Rare pathogenic sequence variants in the ABCC6 gene are mostly responsible for the onset of PXE. A large cohort of Italian PXE patients was retrospectively investigated to better evaluate the occurrence of clinical manifestations (from the most frequent affecting skin, eyes, and the cardiovascular system, to the less frequent as stroke, gastrointestinal hemorrhages, and nephrolithiasis) depending also on age, gender, and type of mutations. Moreover, to improve PXE patients’ counselling, the clinical score system (i.e., Phenodex index), was updated by adding ophthalmological findings, which characterize either very early or late manifestations. Since, it has been proposed that the heterogeneity of the PXE phenotype can be related to modifiers genes, whole exome sequencing analysis were performed on several PXE patients. Data highlighted the: i) occurrence of a digenic inheritance of ABCC6 and GGCX or of ABCC6 and ENPP1; ii) presence of pathogenic variants in inherited retinal diseases genes (i.e., ABCC4, IMPG1), thus widening the spectrum of genes potentially involved in the disease progression; iii) involvement of genes contributing to the assembly, maintenance and stability of elastic fibers which create a more favorable local environment to mineral deposition and iv) participation of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. Consistently, by a multidisciplinary approach, it was demonstrated that PXE mitochondria were morphologically modified and characterized by an altered proteome affecting redox balance, oxidative phosphorylation, and calcium homeostasis. Moreover, the mitochondrial-dependent oxidative stress can lead to the activation of SMAD signaling pathways as inducer of the expression of calcifying genes. This pathway was also investigated in control skin and in both clinically affected (CAS) and unaffected (CUS) PXE skin biopsies from the same patient. Compared to control skin, SMAD signaling was activated in PXE regardless of the skin area (i.e., CUS or CAS). However, the activated SMAD signaling is not sufficient to induce the calcification of elastic fiber, because CUS elastic fibers appear degraded, but not calcified, suggesting that additional local factors can contribute to the pro-osteogenic environment. An in vitro model system was therefore fine-tuned to investigate the mineralization of elastin fibrillar structures hydrolyzed and incubated in cell-free environmental milieu of different ionic composition. Results demonstrated that mineral deposition on insoluble elastin depends on type of hydrolysis, on the presence of specific ionic species and on their concentration, thus explaining why, in vivo, non-calcified and calcified elastic fibers can coexist within the same tissue.
The role of microenvironment in the pathomechanisms of ectopic calcification: genetic and cellular insights from the Pseudoxanthoma elasticum model
23-mag-2022
QUAGLINO, Daniela
BORALDI, Federica
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Descrizione: "The role of microenvironment in the pathomechanisms of ectopic calcification: genetic and cellular insights from the Pseudoxanthoma elasticum model" Lofaro Francesco Demetrio
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1278837
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