CD8 T lymphocytes play a central role in immunity to cancer through their capacity to kill malignant cells. However, prolonged exposure to cognate antigens in tumor microenvironment contribute to induce severe CD8 T cell exhaustion (Tex). During the last decade cancer treatment has been revolutionized by immune check point inhibitors (ICIs) that block the activity of inhibitor receptors, such as PD-1 present on the surface of Tex cells, reinvigorating them. Despite observations of durable responses to ICI therapy, not all patients respond to the treatment. Therefore, we focused our attention on identifying alterations that occur in circulating CD8 T lymphocytes of metastatic melanoma (mM) and metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients during treatment with anti-PD1, in order to understand how and why some patients respond or not to ICI therapy. The first cohort comprised 28 patients with mM, 17 of whom were defined responders (R) whereas 11 non-responders (NR). Cryopreserved PBMC, obtained prior to initiating therapy (T0) after the first (T1) and second therapy cycles (T2), was studied by 30 parameter high-dimensional flow cytometry in combination with single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAsq). The second cohort comprised 19 patients with mRCC, 5 of which were defined responders (R) whereas 14 non-responders (NR). Cryopreserved PBMC, obtained prior to initiating therapy (T0) after the first (T1), second (T2) and third therapy cycle (T3), was studied by 28 flow cytometry and analyzed using FAUST, a novel non-parametric method for unsupervised discovery of cell population. In R patients we found an increase of proliferating effector memory (EM) cells expressing high level of Ki67, ICOS, CD95, HLA-DR, CD71, CD98, CXCR6, granulysin and CD38, both before and after first and second cycle of ICI therapy. scRNA-seq revealed the presence of activated mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells expressing CD69 and CXCR4, and their increase in R compared to NR, before and after ICI therapy. Along with increased percentage of peripheral MAIT cells we also observed greater ability to produce IFN-g and GRZM-B in R patients, before starting therapy but not after. In silico analysis of public datasets revealed the presence of MAIT cells within primary and metastatic lesions and their increased level within lesions regressing after ICI. Finally, to associate our finding with clinical outcomes, we correlated the median level (1.7% of CD8 T cells) of circulating MAIT cells with the response to therapy. Using this value as a threshold, patients who exhibited MAIT frequency above the threshold showed a better response to therapy. Flow cytometry reveals that CD8 T cells from mRCC patients could be classified in 61 cell clusters. Due to the relatively low number of patients responding to therapy, we found similar percentages of clusters in R and NR at all timepoints. However, considering all patients treated with anti-PD1 (n=19), therapy induced a redistribution of different subpopulations of CD8 T cells. In particular, T stem cell memory (TSCM) decreased after the third cycle of therapy. On the contrary, the EM compartments increased after therapy. In terms of functionality, we observed that, if compared with EM, after therapy TSCM lost proliferative potential but retained more polyfunctionality, producing simultaneously TNF and IFN-g. In conclusion, we provide evidence that mM and mRCC patients differently respond to anti-PD1 therapy, the formers are characterized by more activated MAIT in R patients, while the latter are characterized by a pool of circulating likely-exhausted TSCM.

I linfociti T CD8 giocano un ruolo centrale nell’immunità al cancro mediante la loro capacità di uccidere le cellule maligne. Tuttavia, la prolungata esposizione agli antigeni nel microambiente tumorale contribuisce a indurre un grave esaurimento delle cellule T CD8 (Tex). Durante gli ultimi due decenni il trattamento del cancro è stato rivoluzionato dagli inibitori dei checkpoint immunitari (ICIs), che bloccano l’attività dei recettori inibitori, come il PD-1, presenti sulla superfice delle cellule Tex, rinvigorendole. Nonostante l’osservazione di risposte durature alla terapia ICI, non tutti i pazienti rispondono al trattamento. Abbiamo focalizzato la nostra attenzione sull'identificazione delle alterazioni che si verificano nei linfociti T CD8 circolanti di pazienti con melanoma metastatico (mM) e carcinoma renale metastatico (mRCC) durante il trattamento con anti-PD1, al fine di capire come e perché alcuni pazienti rispondono o no alla terapia. La prima coorte comprendeva 28 pazienti mM, 17 dei quali definiti responsivi (R) mentre 11 non responsivi (NR) alla terapia. La seconda coorte comprendeva invece 19 pazienti mRCC, 5 dei quali definiti responsivi (R) mentre 14 non responsivi (NR). I PBMC crioconservati, ottenuti prima dell'inizio della terapia (T0) dopo il primo (T1), secondo (T2) e terzo ciclo di terapia (T3), sono stati studiati mediante citometria a flusso a 30 parametri in combinazione con il sequenziamento dell'RNA a singola cellula (scRNA-seq) e analizzate utilizzando FAUST, un nuovo metodo non parametrico per la scoperta non supervisionata di popolazioni cellulari. Nei pazienti R con mM abbiamo riscontrato un aumento delle cellule effettrici di memoria (EM) proliferanti esprimenti alti livelli di Ki67, ICOS, CD95, HLA-DR, CD71, CD98, CXCR6, granulisina e CD38, sia prima che dopo il primo e il secondo ciclo di terapia. L’scRNA-seq ha rivelato la presenza delle cellule T invarianti associate alla mucosa (MAIT) attivate esprimenti il CD69 e CXCR4 e il loro aumento nei pazienti R rispetto ai NR, sia prima e dopo la terapia con ICI. Insieme all'aumento in percentuale abbiamo anche osservato una maggiore capacità delle MAIT nei pazienti R di produrre IFN-g e GRZM-B, solo al T0. L'analisi in silico di dataset pubblici ha rivelato la presenza delle MAIT all'interno delle lesioni primarie e metastatiche, e dopo terapia il loro livello era aumentato nelle lesioni che regredivano. Infine, abbiamo correlato il livello mediano delle cellule MAIT circolanti (1,7% delle cellule T CD8) con la risposta alla terapia. Utilizzando questo valore come soglia, i pazienti che presentavano una percentuale di MAIT al di sopra della soglia hanno mostrato una risposta migliore alla terapia. L’analisi delle cellule T CD8 dei pazienti con mRCC ha rivelato la presenza di 61 clusters. A causa del numero basso di pazienti che rispondono alla terapia, abbiamo trovato percentuali simili tra i clusters dei pazienti R e NR sia prima che dopo terapia. Tuttavia, analizzando insieme tutti i pazienti trattati con anti-PD1 (n=19), si osserva come la terapia abbia indotto una ridistribuzione di diverse sottopopolazioni di cellule T CD8. In particolare, le cellule T staminali di memoria (TSCM) sono diminuite dopo il terzo ciclo di terapia. Al contrario, le sottopopolazioni di cellule EM sono aumentate in percentuale dopo la terapia. In termini di funzionalità, abbiamo osservato che, se comparate con le cellule EM, le TSCM dopo la terapia perdono la capacità di proliferare sebbene mantengano una più alta polifunzionalità, producendo simultaneamente TNF e IFN-g. In conclusione, abbiamo fornito l’evidenza che i pazienti mM e mRCC rispondono in modo diverso alla terapia con anti-PD1, i primi sono caratterizzati da più alti livelli di cellule MAIT attivate nei pazienti R, mentre i secondi sono caratterizzati da un pool probabilmente esaurito di TSCM circolante.

Melanoma metastatico e carcinoma renale: focus sul ruolo delle cellule T CD8+ nelle risposte agli inibitori dei checkpoint immunitari / Domenico Lo Tartaro , 2022 May 27. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.

Melanoma metastatico e carcinoma renale: focus sul ruolo delle cellule T CD8+ nelle risposte agli inibitori dei checkpoint immunitari

LO TARTARO, DOMENICO
2022

Abstract

CD8 T lymphocytes play a central role in immunity to cancer through their capacity to kill malignant cells. However, prolonged exposure to cognate antigens in tumor microenvironment contribute to induce severe CD8 T cell exhaustion (Tex). During the last decade cancer treatment has been revolutionized by immune check point inhibitors (ICIs) that block the activity of inhibitor receptors, such as PD-1 present on the surface of Tex cells, reinvigorating them. Despite observations of durable responses to ICI therapy, not all patients respond to the treatment. Therefore, we focused our attention on identifying alterations that occur in circulating CD8 T lymphocytes of metastatic melanoma (mM) and metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients during treatment with anti-PD1, in order to understand how and why some patients respond or not to ICI therapy. The first cohort comprised 28 patients with mM, 17 of whom were defined responders (R) whereas 11 non-responders (NR). Cryopreserved PBMC, obtained prior to initiating therapy (T0) after the first (T1) and second therapy cycles (T2), was studied by 30 parameter high-dimensional flow cytometry in combination with single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAsq). The second cohort comprised 19 patients with mRCC, 5 of which were defined responders (R) whereas 14 non-responders (NR). Cryopreserved PBMC, obtained prior to initiating therapy (T0) after the first (T1), second (T2) and third therapy cycle (T3), was studied by 28 flow cytometry and analyzed using FAUST, a novel non-parametric method for unsupervised discovery of cell population. In R patients we found an increase of proliferating effector memory (EM) cells expressing high level of Ki67, ICOS, CD95, HLA-DR, CD71, CD98, CXCR6, granulysin and CD38, both before and after first and second cycle of ICI therapy. scRNA-seq revealed the presence of activated mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells expressing CD69 and CXCR4, and their increase in R compared to NR, before and after ICI therapy. Along with increased percentage of peripheral MAIT cells we also observed greater ability to produce IFN-g and GRZM-B in R patients, before starting therapy but not after. In silico analysis of public datasets revealed the presence of MAIT cells within primary and metastatic lesions and their increased level within lesions regressing after ICI. Finally, to associate our finding with clinical outcomes, we correlated the median level (1.7% of CD8 T cells) of circulating MAIT cells with the response to therapy. Using this value as a threshold, patients who exhibited MAIT frequency above the threshold showed a better response to therapy. Flow cytometry reveals that CD8 T cells from mRCC patients could be classified in 61 cell clusters. Due to the relatively low number of patients responding to therapy, we found similar percentages of clusters in R and NR at all timepoints. However, considering all patients treated with anti-PD1 (n=19), therapy induced a redistribution of different subpopulations of CD8 T cells. In particular, T stem cell memory (TSCM) decreased after the third cycle of therapy. On the contrary, the EM compartments increased after therapy. In terms of functionality, we observed that, if compared with EM, after therapy TSCM lost proliferative potential but retained more polyfunctionality, producing simultaneously TNF and IFN-g. In conclusion, we provide evidence that mM and mRCC patients differently respond to anti-PD1 therapy, the formers are characterized by more activated MAIT in R patients, while the latter are characterized by a pool of circulating likely-exhausted TSCM.
Metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma: focus on the role of CD8+ T cells in responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors
27-mag-2022
COSSARIZZA, Andrea
DE SANTIS, Giorgio
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Descrizione: Metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma: focus on the role of CD8+ T cells in responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors_Domenico Lo Tartaro
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