The role of spontaneous breathing (SB) in patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure (ARF) is still controversial. With mild ARF, it is important to maintain SB in order to preserve respiratory muscle function, to improve the ventilation/perfusion ratio, and to reduce sedation and days of invasive mechanical ventilation (MV). However, recent evidence has suggested that SB might be a potential mechanism for lung damage when ARF is severe. According to this hypothesis, the intensity of inspiratory effort may follow a critical increase of respiratory drive thus producing uncontrolled swings in transpulmonary pressure that would increase the risk of lung damage and worsened clinical outcome, just following the onset of a “self-inflicted lung injury” (SILI). Several methods to measure the inspiratory effort have been proposed to implement respiratory monitoring in patients with ARF and assist clinicians in choosing non-invasive (NIV) or invasive ventilator support. Esophageal manometry is a reliable method to estimate the magnitude of inspiratory effort, although procedural issues significantly reduce its use in daily clinical practice. With this project we aimed both at quantifying the inspiratory effort of patients with ARF under SB, and at investigating its role as a potential mechanism inducing SILI and the associated clinical outcomes. The research question has been addressed by means of 3 different clinical studies hold at the Respiratory Intensive Care Unit of the University Hospital of Modena between 2016 and 2021. In the first prospective investigation we estimated the intensity of spontaneous breathing effort in 30 patients with ARF by esophageal manometry during the first 24 hours of NIV and tested the hypothesis that vigorous spontaneous effort may be related to lung injury (estimated by chest X-ray) and NIV failure. We found that vigorous effort was present in patients with ARF before starting NIV and that its persistency after starting NIV was associated with worsening lung injury; moreover, it was the earliest and most accurate parameter to predict NIV failure. In the second prospective observational trial we investigated the inspiratory effort of spontaneously breathing patients with COVID-19 pneumonia as compared to a matched cohort of patients with ARDS. We reported that early after onset, COVID-19 induced ARF shows a relatively lower inspiratory effort then ARDS, thus probably lowering the risk of SILI and suggesting a different mechanism behind hypoxemia. In the third physiological study we aimed at describing the correlation between esophageal (ΔPes) and nasal pressure (ΔPnos) as a potential measure of inspiratory effort in patients with COVID-19-associated ARF under SB. We found that ΔPnos was highly correlated with ΔPes, showing persistency over time and low inter-patient variability regardless the application of different type of non-invasive respiratory support. Overall with this project, we gave clinical evidences to evolve the concept of SILI induced by excessive inspiratory effort in patients with ARF under SB. Data have suggested that, with increased inspiratory effort, the risk of lung damage is higher and it is associated with higher risk of failing non-invasive respiratory supports. Furthermore, we have provided preliminary data for evolving a innovative and clinically applicable method to measure and monitor inspiratory effort in patients developing ARF.

Il ruolo del respiro spontaneo (RS) nei pazienti con insufficienza respiratoria acuta ipossiemica (IRA) è controverso. Quando il danno polmonare è lieve, mantenere il RS è auspicabile per preservare il funzionamento muscolare, migliorare il rapporto ventilo/perfusivo, ridurre la sedazione e i giorni di ventilazione meccanica invasiva (VMI). Tuttavia, evidenze recenti suggeriscono come il RS possa essere un potenziale meccanismo di danno polmonare in caso di distress respiratorio. In relazione a questa ipotesi, l’intensità dello sforzo inspiratorio può provocare un aumento critico del drive respiratorio, producendo così un’oscillazione della pressione transpolmonare che incrementerebbe il rischio di danno polmonare con peggioramento degli esiti clinici, per insorgenza del cosiddetto “self-inflicted lung injury (SILI)”. Sono stati proposti vari metodi per quantificare e monitorare lo sforzo inspiratorio nei pazienti con IRA e fornire indicazioni cliniche sulla corretta scelta delle tecniche ventilatorie non invasive (VMNI) e invasive. Un metodo affidabile per quantificare lo sforzo inspiratorio è la manometria esofagea benchè la difficoltosa applicazione clinica ne riduca l’impiego nella pratica quotidiana. Lo scopo di questo progetto è quantificare lo sforzo inspiratorio nel paziente con IRA in RS, indagarne il ruolo come potenziale meccanismo responsabile del SILI e valutare gli esiti clinici. La ricerca è stata sviluppata mediante tre successivi studi clinici effettuati presso la Terapia Intensiva Respiratoria del Policlinico Universitario di Modena tra il 2016 e il 2021. Nel primo studio prospettico è stata stimata l’entità dello sforzo inspiratorio mediante manometria esofagea in 30 pazienti in RS con IRA nelle iniziali 24 ore di VMNI ed è stata correlata con il danno polmonare, valutato tramite radiografia toracica, e l’esito clinico (fallimento della VMNI). È stato rilevato come la persistenza di eccessivo sforzo inspiratorio dopo l’applicazione della VMNI fosse associata ad un peggioramento del danno polmonare, risultando questo il parametro più precoce ed accurato per predire il fallimento del trattamento ventilatorio. Nel secondo studio prospettico abbiamo indagato lo sforzo inspiratorio nei pazienti in RS con polmonite COVID-19 confrontati con una coorte di pazienti con sindrome da distress respiratorio acuto (ARDS). Abbiamo evidenziato che, nelle fasi precoci di insorgenza, l’IRA indotta dalla malattia COVID-19 induceva uno sforzo inspiratorio inferiore rispetto ad ARDS, con rischio minore di SILI e suggeriva un diverso meccanismo sottostante l’ipossiemia. Nel terzo studio fisiologico è stata studiata la correlazione tra pressione esofagea (ΔPes) e pressione nasale (ΔPnos) come potenziale indicatore dello sforzo respiratorio in pazienti in RS con IRA conseguente a malattia COVID-19. È stata documentata una forte correlazione tra ΔPnos e ΔPes, persistente nel tempo e con una bassa variabilità inter-paziente nonostante l’applicazione di diverse tipologie di supporto respiratorio non-invasivo. Nel suo complesso, con questo progetto abbiamo cercato di fornire evidenze sperimentali di tipo clinico al fine di approfondire il concetto di danno polmonare indotto da eccessivo sforzo inspiratorio. I dati hanno suggerito che, quando lo sforzo inspiratorio è elevato, il rischio di danno polmonare è maggiore e si associa a un più elevato rischio di fallimento dei supporti di respirazione non invasiva. Inoltre, abbiamo prodotto dati iniziali per lo sviluppo di un sistema innovativo per quantificare e monitorizzare clinicamente lo sforzo inspiratorio dei pazienti in corso di IRA.

Quantificazione e ruolo fisiopatologico dello sforzo inspiratorio nel processo di danno polmonare autoindotto in pazienti in respiro spontaneo con insufficienza respiratoria acuta ipossiemica: un modello clinico di danno polmonare acuto / Ivana Castaniere , 2022 May 27. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.

Quantificazione e ruolo fisiopatologico dello sforzo inspiratorio nel processo di danno polmonare autoindotto in pazienti in respiro spontaneo con insufficienza respiratoria acuta ipossiemica: un modello clinico di danno polmonare acuto

Castaniere, Ivana
2022

Abstract

The role of spontaneous breathing (SB) in patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure (ARF) is still controversial. With mild ARF, it is important to maintain SB in order to preserve respiratory muscle function, to improve the ventilation/perfusion ratio, and to reduce sedation and days of invasive mechanical ventilation (MV). However, recent evidence has suggested that SB might be a potential mechanism for lung damage when ARF is severe. According to this hypothesis, the intensity of inspiratory effort may follow a critical increase of respiratory drive thus producing uncontrolled swings in transpulmonary pressure that would increase the risk of lung damage and worsened clinical outcome, just following the onset of a “self-inflicted lung injury” (SILI). Several methods to measure the inspiratory effort have been proposed to implement respiratory monitoring in patients with ARF and assist clinicians in choosing non-invasive (NIV) or invasive ventilator support. Esophageal manometry is a reliable method to estimate the magnitude of inspiratory effort, although procedural issues significantly reduce its use in daily clinical practice. With this project we aimed both at quantifying the inspiratory effort of patients with ARF under SB, and at investigating its role as a potential mechanism inducing SILI and the associated clinical outcomes. The research question has been addressed by means of 3 different clinical studies hold at the Respiratory Intensive Care Unit of the University Hospital of Modena between 2016 and 2021. In the first prospective investigation we estimated the intensity of spontaneous breathing effort in 30 patients with ARF by esophageal manometry during the first 24 hours of NIV and tested the hypothesis that vigorous spontaneous effort may be related to lung injury (estimated by chest X-ray) and NIV failure. We found that vigorous effort was present in patients with ARF before starting NIV and that its persistency after starting NIV was associated with worsening lung injury; moreover, it was the earliest and most accurate parameter to predict NIV failure. In the second prospective observational trial we investigated the inspiratory effort of spontaneously breathing patients with COVID-19 pneumonia as compared to a matched cohort of patients with ARDS. We reported that early after onset, COVID-19 induced ARF shows a relatively lower inspiratory effort then ARDS, thus probably lowering the risk of SILI and suggesting a different mechanism behind hypoxemia. In the third physiological study we aimed at describing the correlation between esophageal (ΔPes) and nasal pressure (ΔPnos) as a potential measure of inspiratory effort in patients with COVID-19-associated ARF under SB. We found that ΔPnos was highly correlated with ΔPes, showing persistency over time and low inter-patient variability regardless the application of different type of non-invasive respiratory support. Overall with this project, we gave clinical evidences to evolve the concept of SILI induced by excessive inspiratory effort in patients with ARF under SB. Data have suggested that, with increased inspiratory effort, the risk of lung damage is higher and it is associated with higher risk of failing non-invasive respiratory supports. Furthermore, we have provided preliminary data for evolving a innovative and clinically applicable method to measure and monitor inspiratory effort in patients developing ARF.
Quantification and physiopathological role of inspiratory effort in the development of self-inflicted lung injury in spontaneously breathing patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure: a clinical model of acute lung damage
27-mag-2022
CLINI, Enrico
MARCHIONI, Alessandro
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Descrizione: QUANTIFICATION AND PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL ROLE OF INSPIRATORY EFFORT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-INFLICTED LUNG INJURY IN SPONTANEOUSLY BREATHING PATIENTS WITH ACUTE HYPOXIC RESPIRATORY FAILURE: A CLINICAL MODEL OF ACUTE LUNG DAMAGE
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1278339
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