Autobiographical memory and autobiographical narratives develop gradually during childhood: studies of narrative psychology ‒ such as those of Robyn Fivush, Katherine Nelson and Dan P. McAdams ‒ analyze their evolution from preschool years to adolescence and the main characteristics of the autobiographical self. According to the socio-cultural approach, the formation of the Self and the emergence of autobiographical memory are dynamics connected with the cultural context: narrative meanings are constructed within the process of Reminiscing, or shared memory. Positive events and negative events, for example, are remembered and analyzed in opposite ways: if the former consider the spatial-temporal and objective details of the experience, the latter integrate the emotional aspects and refer to an interpretative approach. Already in the first years of life, we act according to the values shared by the culture, which proposes different standards also depending on the gender. The way we perceive ourselves as men or women is linked to different social orientations, cognitive styles and autobiographical stories: in agreement with Carol Gilligan, we know that girls focus on interdependence (belonginess), while boys focus on achieving goals, on the aspects that make them distinct from the world (autonomy). Specifically, this thesis aims to analyze the main characteristics of autobiographical narratives, collected in educational contexts for early childhood. The focus is particularly on visual narratives: we ask children to reconstruct the event in multiple panels starting from specific choices related to visual and verbal design. In agreement with the schema theory and with Neil Cohn's recent discoveries concerning the grammar of visual narratives, sequential drawing seems to be closely linked to design and mind reading skills as it asks children to segment their experiences in frames and scripts, which must be meaningfully linked to each other. The collected materials are analyzed from two different approaches: studies of narrative psychology allow to evaluate the stories at a content level (which details of the event are reported?), while the studies focused on visual grammar allow to build reflections on the strategies adopted at the narrative level (for example, which links are built and how characters are introduced?). In this regard, it is possible to summarize some general reflections: on a content level, the narrative differences ‒ related to the emotional value of the event and to the gender of the child ‒ are evident. In the case of positive events, for example, children provide a detailed description of the spatial-temporal reference coordinates, while the narratives of negative events emphasize a perceptual encoding focused on the search for personal interpretations. On a structural level, however, the links built between frames are evaluated in detail: participants seem to follow a temporal progression and at the same time, are able to build complex causal dynamics. A particular reflection, finally, is dedicated to visual literacy, or the ability to build meaning starting from the choices related to visual design: children seem to pay attention in a conscious way to color choices, to shapes / sizes of the panels and to typography.

La memoria e la narrazione autobiografica si sviluppano gradualmente durante l’infanzia: studi di psicologia narrativa – quali quelli di Robyn Fivush, Katherine Nelson e Dan P. McAdams – analizzano in modo puntuale, a partire da un approccio socio-culturale, la loro evoluzione dagli anni prescolari all’adolescenza e le caratteristiche principali del cosiddetto Self autobiografico. Secondo questo approccio, la formazione del Self e l’emergere della memoria autobiografica sono due dinamiche connesse con il contesto di riferimento: i significati narrativi vengono costruiti all’interno del noto processo di Reminiscing, ovvero di ricordo condiviso. Eventi positivi ed eventi negativi, ad esempio, vengono ricordati e analizzati in modo opposto: se i primi tengono in considerazione i dettagli spazio-temporali ed oggettivi dell’esperienza, i secondi integrano gli aspetti emotivi e fanno riferimento ad un approccio interpretativo. Allo stesso tempo, già nei primi anni di vita, i soggetti agiscono secondo quelli che sono i valori condivisi dalla cultura di appartenenza, la quale propone standard diversi anche a seconda del genere. Il modo in cui ci percepiamo uomini o donne è collegato a diversi orientamenti sociali, stili cognitivi e racconti autobiografici: d’accordo con Carol Gilligan, sappiamo che le bambine hanno come focus l’interdipendenza (belonginess), mentre i bambini si soffermano sul raggiungimento di obiettivi, sugli aspetti che li rendono distinti dal mondo (autonomy). Nello specifico, la tesi si propone di analizzare le caratteristiche principali delle narrazioni autobiografiche infantili, raccolte in alcuni contesti educativi per la prima infanzia. L’attenzione è rivolta in particolare alle cosiddette visual narratives, ovvero alle narrazioni visive sequenziali, le quali chiedono ai bambini di ricostruire l’evento in più frames – o pannelli ‒ a partire da specifiche scelte connesse al design visivo e verbale. Ebbene - d’accordo con le recenti scoperte di Neil Cohn relative alla grammatica delle narrazioni visive – il disegno sequenziale abitua i bambini a segmentare le proprie esperienze in frames e scripts, i quali devono essere collegati in modo significativo gli uni agli altri. I materiali raccolti vengono analizzati a partire da due approcci differenti: gli studi di psicologia narrativa consentono di valutare i racconti a livello contenutistico (quali dettagli dell’evento sono riportati?), mentre gli studi focalizzati sulla visual grammar permettono di costruire riflessioni relative alle strategie adottate a livello narrativo e alla segmentazione dell’esperienza (ad esempio, quali collegamenti vengono costruiti, quali tipologie di pannello vengono utilizzate e come vengono introdotti i personaggi?). A questo proposito, è possibile riassumere alcune riflessioni generali: a livello contenutistico, evidenti sono le differenze narrative collegate alla valenza emotiva dell’evento raccontato e al genere del bambino. Nel caso degli eventi positivi, ad esempio, i bambini rappresentano in modo dettagliato le coordinate spazio-temporali di riferimento e le azioni che si alternano, mentre le narrazioni degli eventi negativi sottolineano una codifica percettiva e focalizzata sulla ricerca di interpretazioni personali. A livello strutturale, invece, vengono valutati nel dettaglio i collegamenti costruiti tra i frames: i partecipanti sembrano seguire una progressione temporale e allo stesso tempo, sono in grado di costruire complesse dinamiche causali. Una riflessione particolare è, infine, dedicata alla cosiddetta visual literacy, ovvero alla capacità di costruire significato a partire dalle scelte collegate al design visivo: i bambini sembrano prestare attenzione in modo consapevole alle scelte cromatiche, alle forme/dimensioni dei pannelli e alla tipografia.

Narrazione autobiografica e infanzia: le visual narratives / Ludovica Broglia , 2022 May 24. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.

Narrazione autobiografica e infanzia: le visual narratives

BROGLIA, LUDOVICA
2022

Abstract

Autobiographical memory and autobiographical narratives develop gradually during childhood: studies of narrative psychology ‒ such as those of Robyn Fivush, Katherine Nelson and Dan P. McAdams ‒ analyze their evolution from preschool years to adolescence and the main characteristics of the autobiographical self. According to the socio-cultural approach, the formation of the Self and the emergence of autobiographical memory are dynamics connected with the cultural context: narrative meanings are constructed within the process of Reminiscing, or shared memory. Positive events and negative events, for example, are remembered and analyzed in opposite ways: if the former consider the spatial-temporal and objective details of the experience, the latter integrate the emotional aspects and refer to an interpretative approach. Already in the first years of life, we act according to the values shared by the culture, which proposes different standards also depending on the gender. The way we perceive ourselves as men or women is linked to different social orientations, cognitive styles and autobiographical stories: in agreement with Carol Gilligan, we know that girls focus on interdependence (belonginess), while boys focus on achieving goals, on the aspects that make them distinct from the world (autonomy). Specifically, this thesis aims to analyze the main characteristics of autobiographical narratives, collected in educational contexts for early childhood. The focus is particularly on visual narratives: we ask children to reconstruct the event in multiple panels starting from specific choices related to visual and verbal design. In agreement with the schema theory and with Neil Cohn's recent discoveries concerning the grammar of visual narratives, sequential drawing seems to be closely linked to design and mind reading skills as it asks children to segment their experiences in frames and scripts, which must be meaningfully linked to each other. The collected materials are analyzed from two different approaches: studies of narrative psychology allow to evaluate the stories at a content level (which details of the event are reported?), while the studies focused on visual grammar allow to build reflections on the strategies adopted at the narrative level (for example, which links are built and how characters are introduced?). In this regard, it is possible to summarize some general reflections: on a content level, the narrative differences ‒ related to the emotional value of the event and to the gender of the child ‒ are evident. In the case of positive events, for example, children provide a detailed description of the spatial-temporal reference coordinates, while the narratives of negative events emphasize a perceptual encoding focused on the search for personal interpretations. On a structural level, however, the links built between frames are evaluated in detail: participants seem to follow a temporal progression and at the same time, are able to build complex causal dynamics. A particular reflection, finally, is dedicated to visual literacy, or the ability to build meaning starting from the choices related to visual design: children seem to pay attention in a conscious way to color choices, to shapes / sizes of the panels and to typography.
Autobiographical reasoning and childhood: an analysis of visual narratives
24-mag-2022
CALABRESE, Stefano
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1278099
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