Food safety and food security are crucial aspects in the growing and constantly changing food market. The first definition refers to hygiene and foodborne diseases prevention, the second refers to the security for a consumer to by a specific product and not a counterfeit. An improved traceability, based on blockchain systems, may help to prevent food safety and food security issues. Blockchain belongs to the distributed ledgers, a type of database in which each participant owns a copy of the same data and every change in a copy is automatically reflected on the other copies. It is designed to guarantee decentralization, transparency, immutability and traceability. As shown by a relevant number of projects that has been developed and applied, it suits to the food supply chain traceability. An improved traceability based on blockchain can also be useful at the market level. For instance, Italian sounding is the practice to use Italian words, colours (such as the Italian flag colours) and names to give an Italian appearance to a product, irrespective of its country of origin and its production method, to promote it. It affects different sectors, but the food sector is the most damaged. The present research is focused on the application of the blockchain to the traceability of the food supply chain, its impacts and its perception. Indeed, the application of these systems may have several advantages, but also negative impacts: the producers must accept to show transparency to the consumers, it may lead to a price increase (as the design and maintenance of a digital traceability systems have a considerable cost) and consumer profiling is an aspect that must be properly discussed. To assess if the Italian consumers may be interested in the use of blockchain traceability for food, a survey has been performed on 500 users. The asked questions concern their interest and knowledge towards traceability, blockchain technology, shopping preferences, the suggestion of food categories (e.g. meat, fish and others) currently requiring an improved traceability. Lastly, the willingness to spend more to buy food provided with digital traceability was evaluated. The results revealed that respondents are generally interested in food traceability, they usually know what blockchain and digital traceability are, they buy food mainly at supermarkets, they are interested in knowing the origin of the food mainly for meat, fish and dairy, they would rather buy a product provided with digital traceability system instead of an unprovided competitor and they consider acceptable a 10-15% cost increase for a digitally traced product. To complete the research, a concrete project/case study has been completely developed in collaboration with the innovative startup Franceschi srl, composed by Saporare and S|Trace. Saporare is an online shop of traditional Italian food and beverages (e.g. balsamic vinegar, honey, olive oil, wine) of small and medium sized producers and each product has a declaration of origin. The products will be traced with S|Trace, a blockchain-based traceability system provided with a web app for data upload, designed to ease the operation for the producers. Saporare acts as the third part in the supply chain, certifying the origin and the security of the products, but without substituting production disciplinaries or food control agencies: this makes the perfect use-case to study the application of the blockchain to the food supply chain. Lastly, considering both costs and complexity of the blockchain, a pipeline facilitating the choice of the right technology has been developed. In particular, the developed pipeline may help to define which type of blockchain could be useful for each food supply chain and when a blockchain could be really effective.

Food safety e food security sono aspetti cruciali in un mercato globale in costante crescita e cambiamento. Il primo fa riferimento alla prevenzione di malattie di origine alimentare, il secondo indica la sicurezza per un consumatore di comprare un prodotto specifico e non uno contraffatto. Una tracciabilità migliorata, basata su sistemi blockchain, può aiutare a prevenire i problemi riguardanti la sicurezza alimentare. La blockchain è un database distribuito, cioè un sistema in cui ogni partecipante possiede una copia dello stesso database posseduta dagli altri dove ogni modifica in una copia viene automaticamente apportata alle altre. Garantisce decentralizzazione, trasparenza, immutabilità e tracciabilità. Come si evince dai numerosi progetti sviluppati e applicati, è un sistema perfetto per la tracciabilità della filiera alimentare. Una migliore tracciabilità può essere utile anche a livello di mercato. Ad esempio, l’italian sounding è la pratica di utilizzare parole, colori (come la bandiera italiana) e nomi italiani, a prescindere dal paese di origine e del metodo di produzione, a scopo promozionale. Colpisce molti settori, ma quello più danneggiato è quello agroalimentare. Questa ricerca è mirata allo studio delle applicazioni della blockchain alla tracciabilità della filiera agrifood, al suo impatto e alla sua percezione. L’uso di questi sistemi ha molti vantaggi, ma ha anche svantaggi: i produttori devono accettare di mostrare più trasparenza, il costo dei prodotti tracciati potrebbe aumentare (per via dei considerevoli costi di progettazione e manutenzione di questi sistemi) e la profilazione dei consumatori è un tema che va approfondito. Per valutare l’interesse dei consumatori italiani verso l’utilizzo della tracciabilità digitale per il cibo, è stato svolto un sondaggio su 500 utenti. Le domande poste riguardano il loro interesse e la loro conoscenza verso la tracciabilità, la blockchain, preferenze di acquisto, suggerimenti su quali categorie di prodotti (carne, pesce, ecc.) necessitano una migliore tracciabilità. Infine, è stato valutato quale sia l’aumento di costo accettabile per prodotti dotati di tracciabilità digitale. I risultati mostrano che in media gli intervistati sono interessati alla tracciabilità del cibo, conoscono o hanno sentito nominare la blockchain, desiderano conoscere principalmente l’origine di carne, pesce e latticini, preferirebbero comprare un prodotto provvisto di tracciabilità digitale rispetto a un concorrente sprovvisto e l’aumento di costo accettabile per un prodotto tracciato con la blockchain è tra 10% e 15%. Per completare la ricerca, è stato sviluppato un progetto in collaborazione con la startup innovativa Franceschi srl, che comprende Saporare e S|Trace. Saporare è un e-commerce di cibo e bevande della tradizionale italiana (aceto balsamico, miele, olio di oliva, vino), provenienti da piccoli e medi produttori, dove ogni prodotto ha una dichiarazione di origine. I prodotti venduti saranno tracciati con S|Trace, una piattaforma proprietaria di tracciabilità digitale basata sulla blockchain, provvista di una web-app per il caricamento dati, disegnata per essere facilmente fruibile. Saporare si pone come parte terza nella filiera, certificando l’origine e la sicurezza dei prodotti, senza sostituirsi a disciplinari di produzione o enti di controllo: è il caso studio perfetto per studiare l’applicazione della blockchain alla filiera agroalimentare. Infine, considerando sia i costi che la complessità della blockchain, è stato sviluppato un diagramma di flusso per facilitare la scelta della giusta tecnologia da utilizzare. In particolare, questo diagramma può aiutare a definire quale tipo di blockchain è migliore per ciascuna filiera e quando la blockchain può avere maggiore efficacia.

Tracciabilità digitale basata sulla blockchain della filiera agroalimentare: percezione dei consumatori e analisi di un caso studio / Niccolò Patelli , 2022 Apr 22. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.

Tracciabilità digitale basata sulla blockchain della filiera agroalimentare: percezione dei consumatori e analisi di un caso studio

PATELLI, Niccolò
2022

Abstract

Food safety and food security are crucial aspects in the growing and constantly changing food market. The first definition refers to hygiene and foodborne diseases prevention, the second refers to the security for a consumer to by a specific product and not a counterfeit. An improved traceability, based on blockchain systems, may help to prevent food safety and food security issues. Blockchain belongs to the distributed ledgers, a type of database in which each participant owns a copy of the same data and every change in a copy is automatically reflected on the other copies. It is designed to guarantee decentralization, transparency, immutability and traceability. As shown by a relevant number of projects that has been developed and applied, it suits to the food supply chain traceability. An improved traceability based on blockchain can also be useful at the market level. For instance, Italian sounding is the practice to use Italian words, colours (such as the Italian flag colours) and names to give an Italian appearance to a product, irrespective of its country of origin and its production method, to promote it. It affects different sectors, but the food sector is the most damaged. The present research is focused on the application of the blockchain to the traceability of the food supply chain, its impacts and its perception. Indeed, the application of these systems may have several advantages, but also negative impacts: the producers must accept to show transparency to the consumers, it may lead to a price increase (as the design and maintenance of a digital traceability systems have a considerable cost) and consumer profiling is an aspect that must be properly discussed. To assess if the Italian consumers may be interested in the use of blockchain traceability for food, a survey has been performed on 500 users. The asked questions concern their interest and knowledge towards traceability, blockchain technology, shopping preferences, the suggestion of food categories (e.g. meat, fish and others) currently requiring an improved traceability. Lastly, the willingness to spend more to buy food provided with digital traceability was evaluated. The results revealed that respondents are generally interested in food traceability, they usually know what blockchain and digital traceability are, they buy food mainly at supermarkets, they are interested in knowing the origin of the food mainly for meat, fish and dairy, they would rather buy a product provided with digital traceability system instead of an unprovided competitor and they consider acceptable a 10-15% cost increase for a digitally traced product. To complete the research, a concrete project/case study has been completely developed in collaboration with the innovative startup Franceschi srl, composed by Saporare and S|Trace. Saporare is an online shop of traditional Italian food and beverages (e.g. balsamic vinegar, honey, olive oil, wine) of small and medium sized producers and each product has a declaration of origin. The products will be traced with S|Trace, a blockchain-based traceability system provided with a web app for data upload, designed to ease the operation for the producers. Saporare acts as the third part in the supply chain, certifying the origin and the security of the products, but without substituting production disciplinaries or food control agencies: this makes the perfect use-case to study the application of the blockchain to the food supply chain. Lastly, considering both costs and complexity of the blockchain, a pipeline facilitating the choice of the right technology has been developed. In particular, the developed pipeline may help to define which type of blockchain could be useful for each food supply chain and when a blockchain could be really effective.
Blockchain-based traceability of the food supply chain: consumer perception and a case study
22-apr-2022
MANDRIOLI, Mauro
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