Seed is the primary component of the agricultural supply chain, not only as a source for perpetrating the genotype, but also as a component necessary for food production. For this reason, the seeds quality plays an essential role in agriculture: characteristics such as germinability, vigour and purity should always be ensured. The need to foster sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural systems is paving the way for using products based on microorganisms, thus limiting the use of synthetic pesticides that are undoubtedly harmful to humans and the environment. The research work was based on improving the quality of seeds, using beneficial microorganisms that increase their vigour and control those pathogens known to be associated with them. Additionally, the application of new technologies for the disinfection of the seeds, such as ozonisation, was investigated. Initially, the research was dedicated to the performance of in vitro tests in order to select those microorganisms that could exert an antagonistic action against several pathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani, Sclerotinia sp., Pythium sp., Stemphylium botryosum, Colletotrichum dematium. Various microorganisms were tested, which showed a more or less pronounced antifungal activity: among those Streptomyces sp., Pseudomonas sp., Agrobacterium sp. The tests allowed the identification of a microorganism with a powerful antifungal activity belonging to the genus Streptomyces sp., to whom the code DLS1568 was assigned. Such streptomycete was isolated from rice. Later, research was devoted to evaluating the effects of Streptomyces sp. DLS1568 on germination of seeds of some horticultural crops, to implement a method of application of such microorganism to seeds. Additionally, the role of ozonisation as a method for seed disinfection was investigated. Research results highlighted that the beneficial streptomycete promoted seed germination and the development of healthy seedling. Various products were tested to develop a suitable formulation for applying Streptomyces on seeds, particularly following products were tested: Bio-friendly-1, xanthan gum, and teal green. Bio-friendly-1 was selected from these tanning products, as it did not compromise the vitality of the beneficial microorganism, seed germination, and seedlings development. Ozone seed treatments at different times were tested: from the germination tests carried out after the ozonation of seeds, a treatment of 45 minutes at 20ppm was found the most promising to eliminates microbes present on seeds; such treatment also showed a stimulating effect on the germination and development of the seedlings. To confirm the possible internalization of the streptomycete and the consequent colonization of the plant by the microorganism, Streptomyces sp. DLS1568 was transformed using the puf275 plasmid, creating mutants, which produced the fluorescent protein. Therefore, the endophytic colonization of the beneficial microorganism in plant was confirmed by observation under a confocal microscope. Nine extensive field tests were carried out by direct sowing to evaluate the effectiveness of seed coating of onion, fennel and rocket with Streptomyces sp. DLS1568. Further field tests were performed with seeds treated with ozone. The results obtained from field tests confirmed the data obtained in tests carried out in a controlled environment: in particular, these treatments positively influenced the germination and development of the treated seed. Furthermore, in the field trials which involved the control of fungal pathogens, it was shown that the streptomycete applied to onion seeds showed a similar effect, or even better, to the synthetic fungicide (Fludioxonil). Finally, the genome of the DLS1568 strain of Streptomyces sp. was fully sequenced to identify the possible biosynthetic pathways involved both in the antifungal activity and in the stimulation of plant growth.

La componente primaria della filiera agricola è il seme, visto non solo come una fonte per perpetrare il genotipo, ma anche come componente necessaria per la produzione di cibo. Per questo la qualità del seme gioca un ruolo essenziale in agricoltura: germinabilità, vigore e purezza devono essere sempre garantiti. La necessità di garantire maggiore sostenibilità ai sistemi agricoli e rispetto dell’ambiente sta aprendo la strada all’uso di prodotti a base di microorganismi limitando l’uso di fitofarmaci dannosi per l’uomo e l’ambiente. Il lavoro di tesi è stato impostato sul miglioramento della qualità del seme attraverso l’utilizzo di microorganismi benefici che ne aumentassero il vigore e controllassero eventuali patogeni presenti e l’applicazione di nuove tecnologie per la disinfezione del seme come l’ozono. La prima fase del progetto di dottorato è stata dedicata, all’esecuzione di prove in vitro, per la selezione di microorganismi che potevano esplicare un’azione antagonista nei confronti di alcuni funghi patogeni quali: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani, Sclerotinia sp., Pythium sp., Stemphylium botryosum, Colletotrichum dematium. Sono stati saggiati numerosi microorganismi che hanno mostrato una più o meno pronunciata attività antifungina, tra questi Streptomyces sp., Pseudomonas sp., Agrobacterium sp. Le prove eseguite hanno permesso di individuare un microorganismo con una potente azione antifungina appartenente al genere Streptomyces sp., al quale è stato assegnato il codice DLS1568. Tale streptomicete è stato isolato da riso. La seconda fase del progetto di dottorato è stata dedicata alla valutazione degli effetti dello Streptomyces sp. DLS1568 sulla germinazione del seme di alcune specie orticole, al metodo di applicazione del microrganismo sul seme e al trattamento del seme con ozono per la sua disinfezione. Dai risultati ottenuti lo streptomicete ha favorito la germinazione del seme e lo sviluppo del semenzale. Sono stati saggiati diversi prodotti per sviluppare un formulato utile all’applicazione di Streptomyces sul seme; in particolare i seguenti prodotti: gomma di xantano, teal green e Bio-friendly-1. Di tali prodotti concianti è stato selezionato Bio-friendly-1, in quanto non comprometteva la vitalità del microorganismo, la germinazione del seme e lo sviluppo del semenzale. Per il trattamento del seme con ozono, sono state saggiate diverse tempistiche; dai test di germinazione effettuati dopo la ozonizzazione è risultato che un trattamento di 45 minuti a 20ppm abbatte quasi totalmente la carica microbica presente sul seme ed ha un effetto stimolante sulla germinazione. Per confermare la possibile internalizzazione dello streptomicete e la conseguente colonizzazione della pianta da parte del microorganismo, Streptomyces sp. DLS1568 è stato trasformato usando il plasmide puf275, creando mutanti che producevano la proteina fluorescente. Mediante l’osservazione al microscopio confocale è stata pertanto confermata la colonizzazione endofita del microrganismo benefico in pianta. Sono state svolte 9 prove in campo, per valutare l’efficacia della concia con Streptomyces sp. DLS1568 del seme di cipolla, finocchio e rucola. Ulteriori prove di campo sono state eseguite con semi trattati con ozono. I risultati ottenuti dalle prove in campo hanno confermato i dati ottenuti in prove eseguite in ambiente controllato, influendo positivamente sulla germinazione e sviluppo del seme trattato. Nelle prove di campo, che hanno avuto oggetto il controllo di patogeni fungini, si è evidenziato che lo streptomicete applicato al seme di cipolla ha mostrato un effetto simile, a volte superiore, al fungicida di sintesi (Fludioxonil). Infine, il genoma del ceppo DLS1568 di Streptomyces sp. è stato interamente sequenziato,al fine di individuare le possibili vie biosintetiche coinvolte sia nell’attività antifungina, sia nello stimolo alla crescita delle piante

Miglioramento della qualità del seme e controllo dei patogeni fungini associati al seme mediante l’uso di microrganismi / Gianmarco Conti Nibali , 2022 Apr 22. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.

Miglioramento della qualità del seme e controllo dei patogeni fungini associati al seme mediante l’uso di microrganismi

CONTI NIBALI, GIANMARCO
2022

Abstract

Seed is the primary component of the agricultural supply chain, not only as a source for perpetrating the genotype, but also as a component necessary for food production. For this reason, the seeds quality plays an essential role in agriculture: characteristics such as germinability, vigour and purity should always be ensured. The need to foster sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural systems is paving the way for using products based on microorganisms, thus limiting the use of synthetic pesticides that are undoubtedly harmful to humans and the environment. The research work was based on improving the quality of seeds, using beneficial microorganisms that increase their vigour and control those pathogens known to be associated with them. Additionally, the application of new technologies for the disinfection of the seeds, such as ozonisation, was investigated. Initially, the research was dedicated to the performance of in vitro tests in order to select those microorganisms that could exert an antagonistic action against several pathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani, Sclerotinia sp., Pythium sp., Stemphylium botryosum, Colletotrichum dematium. Various microorganisms were tested, which showed a more or less pronounced antifungal activity: among those Streptomyces sp., Pseudomonas sp., Agrobacterium sp. The tests allowed the identification of a microorganism with a powerful antifungal activity belonging to the genus Streptomyces sp., to whom the code DLS1568 was assigned. Such streptomycete was isolated from rice. Later, research was devoted to evaluating the effects of Streptomyces sp. DLS1568 on germination of seeds of some horticultural crops, to implement a method of application of such microorganism to seeds. Additionally, the role of ozonisation as a method for seed disinfection was investigated. Research results highlighted that the beneficial streptomycete promoted seed germination and the development of healthy seedling. Various products were tested to develop a suitable formulation for applying Streptomyces on seeds, particularly following products were tested: Bio-friendly-1, xanthan gum, and teal green. Bio-friendly-1 was selected from these tanning products, as it did not compromise the vitality of the beneficial microorganism, seed germination, and seedlings development. Ozone seed treatments at different times were tested: from the germination tests carried out after the ozonation of seeds, a treatment of 45 minutes at 20ppm was found the most promising to eliminates microbes present on seeds; such treatment also showed a stimulating effect on the germination and development of the seedlings. To confirm the possible internalization of the streptomycete and the consequent colonization of the plant by the microorganism, Streptomyces sp. DLS1568 was transformed using the puf275 plasmid, creating mutants, which produced the fluorescent protein. Therefore, the endophytic colonization of the beneficial microorganism in plant was confirmed by observation under a confocal microscope. Nine extensive field tests were carried out by direct sowing to evaluate the effectiveness of seed coating of onion, fennel and rocket with Streptomyces sp. DLS1568. Further field tests were performed with seeds treated with ozone. The results obtained from field tests confirmed the data obtained in tests carried out in a controlled environment: in particular, these treatments positively influenced the germination and development of the treated seed. Furthermore, in the field trials which involved the control of fungal pathogens, it was shown that the streptomycete applied to onion seeds showed a similar effect, or even better, to the synthetic fungicide (Fludioxonil). Finally, the genome of the DLS1568 strain of Streptomyces sp. was fully sequenced to identify the possible biosynthetic pathways involved both in the antifungal activity and in the stimulation of plant growth.
Improvement of seed quality and control of seed transmitted fungi by beneficial microorganisms
22-apr-2022
STEFANI, Emilio
GIOVANARDI, DAVIDE
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