The objectives of this study are manifolds. First, to investigate the forward-looking instruments available for the EU market and evaluate their information content and their properties in various market conditions and for different European countries. Second, to better understand the relationships between the volatility and the asymmetry of the risk-neutral distribution, to identify the potential criticalities of the existing option-based risk measures and the possibility of profit from strategies based on option-implied asymmetry. Third, to investigate the information content of option-implied asymmetry as a measure for market risk, and to introduce, for the first time, a skewness index for 12 European countries and for the EU market as a whole. Fourth, to assess whether investor sentiment can provide valuable information to investors and fund managers for stock picking and portfolio selection purposes. Last, to investigate whether market risk could be mitigated through diversification, by including innovative assets such as cryptocurrencies in a portfolio of European stocks. The following are some key findings from the research. The analysis indicates that the VSTOXX index (the only volatility index embedding information from various European countries) can correctly measure the volatility risk only for France and Germany. In contrast, the results depend on the period under investigation for the other countries, especially for peripheral ones. Moreover, the VSTOXX index is intended to spike when the volatility of a few countries increases, and represents an average of the volatility indices only during periods of extreme volatility. Regarding the relationships between the volatility and the asymmetry indices, the skewness index based on the standard skewness formula acts as a measure of market greed, as opposed to market fear, and its information content cannot be easily combined with that of volatility, causing confusion on the side of the investor. Moreover, risk-neutral measure of skewness (i.e., the measure obtained from option prices) is greater in absolute terms than the physical one, creating profitable opportunities for skewness trading strategies. About the information content of option-implied asymmetry as a measure for market risk, the proposed aggregate risk-asymmetry (EU-RAX) index provides crucial information to investors. Specifically, when the aggregate index based on the RAX method reaches its top levels, future negative returns are expected for all the European countries under investigation. As regard the importance of sentiment in explaining stock returns, the results show a strong positive relationship between investor sentiment (proxied by Bloomberg investor sentiment index) on individual stocks and future market returns. Stocks with high (low) sentiment exhibit high (low) returns on average. Moreover, positive news are incorporated slower than negative news in the stock price, especially for stocks with low market capitalization. On the other hand, the aggregate indicator of sentiment is inversely related to future market returns: high (low) sentiment predicts negative (positive) future returns over the following months. Last, regarding the use of cryptocurrencies as a hedge for a portfolio of European stocks, individual cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum do not act as a safe-haven for the European stock market, due to a positive relationship with market returns that increases during market turmoil periods. However, cryptocurrency portfolios might be useful for investors diversification since they show weaker short-term relationships with market returns.

Gli obiettivi di questo studio sono molteplici. Primo, indagare sulle misure di rischio disponibili per il mercato azionario UE e valutare il loro contenuto informativo e le loro proprietà in varie condizioni di mercato e per diversi paesi. Secondo, comprendere la relazione tra la volatilità e l’asimmetria della distribuzione neutrale al rischio, per identificare possibili criticità delle misure esistenti basate sui prezzi delle opzioni e la possibilità di trarre profitto da strategie basate sull’asimmetria implicita. Terzo, studiare il contenuto informativo dell'asimmetria implicita nelle opzioni come misura del rischio di mercato e introdurre, per la prima volta, un indice di asimmetria per 12 paesi europei e per il mercato EU nel suo insieme. Quarto, valutare se il sentiment degli investitori può fornire informazioni preziose agli investitori e ai gestori di fondi per la selezione dei titoli e la gestione del portafoglio. Infine, indagare se il rischio di mercato può essere mitigato attraverso la diversificazione, includendo asset innovativi come le criptovalute in un portafoglio di azioni europee. Alcuni risultati chiave ottenuti della ricerca sono i seguenti. L’indice VSTOXX (attualmente l'unico indice di volatilità implicita che incorpora informazioni provenienti da vari paesi europei) può misurare correttamente il rischio di volatilità solo per Francia e Germania. Al contrario, i risultati dipendono dal periodo in esame per gli altri paesi, soprattutto per quelli periferici. Inoltre, l'indice VSTOXX mostra picchi quando la volatilità di un gruppo di paesi aumenta e rappresenta una media degli indici di volatilità solo durante i periodi di estrema volatilità. Per quanto riguarda la relazione tra volatilità e asimmetria implicite, l’indice di asimmetria basato sulla formula standard agisce come una misura di avidità del mercato anziché di paura, e il suo contenuto informativo non può essere combinato facilmente con quello della volatilità, generando confusione dal lato dell’investitore. Inoltre, l’asimmetria implicita è più ampia in termini assoluti rispetto a quella fisica, generando opportunità di profitto mediante opportune strategie di trading. Per quanto concerne l’utilizzo di indicatori basati sulle opzioni per la misurazione del rischio di mercato, l’indice di aggregato di asimmetria introdotto nello studio (EU-RAX) fornisce informazioni cruciali agli investitori. In particolare, quando l'indice aggregato basato sul metodo RAX raggiunge i suoi massimi livelli, sono attesi rendimenti futuri negativi per tutti i paesi europei oggetto di indagine. Per quanto riguarda l’importanza del sentiment come variabile esplicativa dei rendimenti azionari, i risultati mostrano una forte relazione positiva tra sentiment (misurato dal Bloomberg sentiment index) relativo ai singoli titoli e i rendimenti futuri del mercato. Le azioni con un sentiment alto (basso) mostrano rendimenti alti (bassi) in media. Inoltre, le notizie positive vengono incorporate più lentamente di quelle negative nei prezzi, in particolare per le azioni a bassa capitalizzazione. Al contrario, l'indicatore aggregato di sentiment è inversamente correlato ai rendimenti futuri del mercato: un sentiment alto (basso) prevede rendimenti negativi (positivi) nei mesi successivi. Infine, con riferimento alla possibilità di includere criptovalute in un portafoglio di azioni europee, le singole criptovalute quali Bitcoin ed Ethereum non fungono da bene rifugio, a causa della loro relazione positiva con i rendimenti del mercato, che aumenta durante i periodi di turbolenza e volatilità. Tuttavia, portafogli formati da più criptovalute potrebbero essere almeno utili per la diversificazione poiché mostrano una relazione a breve termine più debole con i rendimenti azionari.

La valutazione del rischio di mercato nell'UE / Luca Gambarelli , 2022 Apr 22. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.

La valutazione del rischio di mercato nell'UE

GAMBARELLI, LUCA
2022

Abstract

The objectives of this study are manifolds. First, to investigate the forward-looking instruments available for the EU market and evaluate their information content and their properties in various market conditions and for different European countries. Second, to better understand the relationships between the volatility and the asymmetry of the risk-neutral distribution, to identify the potential criticalities of the existing option-based risk measures and the possibility of profit from strategies based on option-implied asymmetry. Third, to investigate the information content of option-implied asymmetry as a measure for market risk, and to introduce, for the first time, a skewness index for 12 European countries and for the EU market as a whole. Fourth, to assess whether investor sentiment can provide valuable information to investors and fund managers for stock picking and portfolio selection purposes. Last, to investigate whether market risk could be mitigated through diversification, by including innovative assets such as cryptocurrencies in a portfolio of European stocks. The following are some key findings from the research. The analysis indicates that the VSTOXX index (the only volatility index embedding information from various European countries) can correctly measure the volatility risk only for France and Germany. In contrast, the results depend on the period under investigation for the other countries, especially for peripheral ones. Moreover, the VSTOXX index is intended to spike when the volatility of a few countries increases, and represents an average of the volatility indices only during periods of extreme volatility. Regarding the relationships between the volatility and the asymmetry indices, the skewness index based on the standard skewness formula acts as a measure of market greed, as opposed to market fear, and its information content cannot be easily combined with that of volatility, causing confusion on the side of the investor. Moreover, risk-neutral measure of skewness (i.e., the measure obtained from option prices) is greater in absolute terms than the physical one, creating profitable opportunities for skewness trading strategies. About the information content of option-implied asymmetry as a measure for market risk, the proposed aggregate risk-asymmetry (EU-RAX) index provides crucial information to investors. Specifically, when the aggregate index based on the RAX method reaches its top levels, future negative returns are expected for all the European countries under investigation. As regard the importance of sentiment in explaining stock returns, the results show a strong positive relationship between investor sentiment (proxied by Bloomberg investor sentiment index) on individual stocks and future market returns. Stocks with high (low) sentiment exhibit high (low) returns on average. Moreover, positive news are incorporated slower than negative news in the stock price, especially for stocks with low market capitalization. On the other hand, the aggregate indicator of sentiment is inversely related to future market returns: high (low) sentiment predicts negative (positive) future returns over the following months. Last, regarding the use of cryptocurrencies as a hedge for a portfolio of European stocks, individual cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum do not act as a safe-haven for the European stock market, due to a positive relationship with market returns that increases during market turmoil periods. However, cryptocurrency portfolios might be useful for investors diversification since they show weaker short-term relationships with market returns.
Assessing market risk in the EU
22-apr-2022
MUZZIOLI, Silvia
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1274342
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