This dissertation stems from a co-tutored doctoral project between the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and the Pablo de Olavide University of Seville. The main objective consisted in the development of two topics related to innovation, social cohesion and inequalities in Europe in three different papers. The common thread consists in the methodology used: the partially ordered set (poset), a method based on the assumption that an object can be identified as "better" than another if and only if it has better results in all the indicators analysed in the comparison. We have chosen to use this methodology to propose an alternative analysis of the data (compared to the existing in the literature), based on rankings built on the simple arithmetic mean of the normalised indicators. In the first two papers we focused on the vast theme of regional innovation, analysing the performance at the regional level of 220 regions in the first paper, and of 60 regions (those of the four greatest countries of southern Europe, namely Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain) in the second paper. For both papers, we used data from the Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2019, through which we built a ranking, dividing the regions analysed into different performance levels. The creation of clusters of similar regions combined with poset analysis, allowed us to identify differences between the ranking presented in this thesis and the ranking proposed by the Regional Innovation Scoreboard. In particular, it was possible to identify the indicators that have the greatest impact in determining the results, and consequently the movements of the regions in the ranking, making it possible to propose targeted policies based also on the country or cluster of regions analysed. In the analyses conducted, one of the most impacting indicators is Individual design applications per billion GDP (in purchasing power standards). Regarding the leaders of the analysis, we found that the majority are regions housing the capital city of the country. The third paper addressed the issue of gender inequalities in the digital economy by using the data of the Women in Digital Scoreboard 2020 concerning the 27 countries of the European Union and the United Kingdom. Also in this case, a ranking of countries split into four performance levels was obtained. The impact analysis of the indicators revealed that the most meaningful are: % of people with above basic digital skills in information, communication, problem solving and software for content creation; Graduates in STEM subjects per 1000 individuals aged 20-29; Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, considering all employees working in firms with ten or more employees. In this case, the sensitivity analysis performed on the indicators, made it possible to identify strengths and weaknesses of the individual countries. At the same time, the findings helped us to propose areas of intervention aimed at improving the results in the most critical indicators in order to increase the position in the ranking. The results also highlighted important differences between the different European macro-regions; in particular, nations belonging to southern and eastern Europe are clearly behind to those belonging to the north and a large part of western Europe.

Questa tesi nasce da un progetto di dottorato in co-tutela tra l’Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia e la Universidad Pablo de Olavide di Siviglia, il cui obiettivo ha previsto lo sviluppo di due tematiche riguardanti l’innovazione, la coesione sociale, e le disuguaglianze in Europa attraverso tre distinti elaborati. Il filo rosso che li accomuna è rappresentato dalla metodologia utilizzata, il partially-orderded set (poset), il cui metodo di analisi fondamentale si basa sul fatto che un dato oggetto può essere identificato come “migliore” rispetto ad un altro se e solo se presenta risultati migliori in tutti gli indicatori analizzati nella comparazione. Abbiamo scelto di utilizzare questa metodologia per proporre un’analisi dei dati alternativa rispetto quella attualmente presente in letteratura, basata su ranking costruiti sulla semplice media aritmetica degli indicatori normalizzati. Nei primi due paper ci si è focalizzati sul vasto tema dell’innovazione regionale, andando ad analizzare la performance a livello regionale di 220 regioni nel primo paper, e di 60 regioni (quelle dei quattro grandi Paesi del sud Europa, ovvero Grecia, Italia, Portogallo, e Spagna) nel secondo paper. Per entrambi i paper sono stati utilizzati i dati del Regional Innovation Scoreboard del 2019, attraverso i quali si è costruito un ranking, dividendo le regioni analizzate in diversi livelli di performance. La creazione di cluster di regioni simili combinata all’analisi poset, ci ha permesso di identificare differenze tra il ranking presentato in questa tesi e il ranking proposto dal Regional Innovation Scoreboard. In particolare, è stato possibile individuare gli indicatori che hanno un maggiore impatto nel determinare i risultati, e di conseguenza gli spostamenti delle regioni nel ranking, permettendo di avanzare proposte di policies mirate in base anche al Paese o al cluster di regioni analizzato. Nelle analisi effettuate, uno degli indicatori risultati tra i più impattanti è l’indicatore Design applications individuali per miliardo di PIL (a parità di potere d'acquisto). Per quanto riguarda le regioni leader, troviamo specialmente le regioni localizzate nel nord-ovest d’Europa contenenti la capitale del Paese. Nel terzo paper si è affrontato il tema delle disuguaglianze di genere nell’economia digitale attraverso l’analisi dei dati provenienti dal Women in Digital Scoreboard del 2020 riguardanti i 27 Paesi dell’Unione Europea e il Regno Unito. Anche in questo caso si è ottenuto un ranking dei Paesi in base ai livelli di performance. Lo studio ha rilevato che gli indicatori più impattanti sono: % di persone con competenze digitali superiori a quelle di base in materia di informazione, comunicazione, problem solving e software per la creazione di contenuti; Laureati in materie STEM per 1000 individui di età compresa tra 20-29 anni; Divario retributivo di genere non corretto, considerando tutti i dipendenti che lavorano in imprese con dieci o più dipendenti. In questo caso è stata effettuata un’analisi di sensitività sugli indicatori che ha permesso di identificare punti di forza e punti di debolezza dei singoli Paesi proponendo aree di intervento mirate al miglioramento dei risultati negli indicatori più critici per poter migliorare la posizione nel ranking. I risultati hanno inoltre evidenziato importanti differenze tra le diverse macro-regioni europee; in particolare, il sud e l’est Europa evidenziano un netto ritardo rispetto al nord e buona parte dell’ovest Europa.

Innovazione, coesione sociale e disuguaglianze in Europa: un’analisi poset / Filippo Damiani , 2022 Apr 22. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.

Innovazione, coesione sociale e disuguaglianze in Europa: un’analisi poset

DAMIANI, FILIPPO
2022

Abstract

This dissertation stems from a co-tutored doctoral project between the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and the Pablo de Olavide University of Seville. The main objective consisted in the development of two topics related to innovation, social cohesion and inequalities in Europe in three different papers. The common thread consists in the methodology used: the partially ordered set (poset), a method based on the assumption that an object can be identified as "better" than another if and only if it has better results in all the indicators analysed in the comparison. We have chosen to use this methodology to propose an alternative analysis of the data (compared to the existing in the literature), based on rankings built on the simple arithmetic mean of the normalised indicators. In the first two papers we focused on the vast theme of regional innovation, analysing the performance at the regional level of 220 regions in the first paper, and of 60 regions (those of the four greatest countries of southern Europe, namely Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain) in the second paper. For both papers, we used data from the Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2019, through which we built a ranking, dividing the regions analysed into different performance levels. The creation of clusters of similar regions combined with poset analysis, allowed us to identify differences between the ranking presented in this thesis and the ranking proposed by the Regional Innovation Scoreboard. In particular, it was possible to identify the indicators that have the greatest impact in determining the results, and consequently the movements of the regions in the ranking, making it possible to propose targeted policies based also on the country or cluster of regions analysed. In the analyses conducted, one of the most impacting indicators is Individual design applications per billion GDP (in purchasing power standards). Regarding the leaders of the analysis, we found that the majority are regions housing the capital city of the country. The third paper addressed the issue of gender inequalities in the digital economy by using the data of the Women in Digital Scoreboard 2020 concerning the 27 countries of the European Union and the United Kingdom. Also in this case, a ranking of countries split into four performance levels was obtained. The impact analysis of the indicators revealed that the most meaningful are: % of people with above basic digital skills in information, communication, problem solving and software for content creation; Graduates in STEM subjects per 1000 individuals aged 20-29; Gender pay gap in unadjusted form, considering all employees working in firms with ten or more employees. In this case, the sensitivity analysis performed on the indicators, made it possible to identify strengths and weaknesses of the individual countries. At the same time, the findings helped us to propose areas of intervention aimed at improving the results in the most critical indicators in order to increase the position in the ranking. The results also highlighted important differences between the different European macro-regions; in particular, nations belonging to southern and eastern Europe are clearly behind to those belonging to the north and a large part of western Europe.
Innovation, social cohesion and inequalities in Europe: a poset-based approach
22-apr-2022
MUZZIOLI, Silvia
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