PTFE has self-lubricating properties providing excellent tribological properties in many applications where low friction is sought for. During a sliding wear process, in fact, a polymer transfer is carried out on the surface of the antagonist, which can be metallic or ceramic, with the creation of a thin film (also called transfer-film) where the macromolecules stretch along the sliding direction. In the contact zone, a polymer-polymer interaction and no longer polymer-ceramic / metal one is created, resulting in a very low adhesion work that means a low coefficient of friction (normally between 0.05 and 0.15). The approach in this Ph.D. thesis has been the research and analysis of functional parameters that determine the tribological characteristics of coupling systems. These parameters must be then correlated to the transfer-film formation process and heat exchange in the tribological contact areas. The aim of this project is going to be the design and development of a model able to provide indicative data on the useful life of PTFE based material components, in condition of dynamic (tribological) contact with a counter-surface. This model is based on an equation that identifies the relationship between the independent variables of the process and the desired result (dependent variable). The next step is the correlation between the results obtained from tests carried out on a small scale (“pin on disk” tests) and the results obtained on the test rig, so that this equation can also be used on real components The prediction of the useful life of fluorinated polymers and polymer matrix composites in tribological applications would be a significant improvement compared to the simple “try and error” approach. The PTFE based materials, also called PTFE compounds, were provided by ATP S.p.A, a company based in Modena (Italy) that deals with the design and production of sealing systems in polymeric material. To simulate the sliding conditions, tribological pin on disk tests were carried out. The Design of Experiment (DOE) statistical method was applied to design the experiments and investigate the influence of the tribological testing variables (speed, load, distance), as single or interacting factors, on the wear rate of the PTFE pin. Minitab was used as software to elaborate the collected data applying DOE algorithms. In the first part of the Ph.D. period, tribological tests were carried out on unreinforced PTFE samples in order to investigate the wear mechanism of the material in dynamic contact with AISI 304 stainless steel countersurfaces, either uncoated or coated with plasma sprayed Cr2O3; the significant factors on the trend of the wear rate and of the coefficient of friction has been subsequently evaluated with the DoE statistical method. In the second part of the Ph.D. period, the influence of the thermal conductivity of PTFE composites on their tribological behaviour and the stability of transfer film created in a tribological coupling were studied. This phenomenon was investigated by performing tribological tests measuring the contact temperature with an infrared thermographic camera and by the evaluation of the heat transfer coefficient through specific conductivity measurements on the polymer samples and on the surfaces of the tribological counterparts. The thermal conductivity of PTFE composites and their tribological behaviour are also affected by the amount of fillers added to the PTFE matrix; in this work different families and shapes of filler were studied: glass fibres, carbon fibres, PEEK, bronze (spheroidal and lamellar shape). After this experimental stage, the analytical elaboration of a “predictive model” for the most used material in Food & Beverage field was studied through tests carried out on real guiding components, taking advantage of a complex test rig installed in ATP group laboratory.

Il PTFE ha proprietà autolubrificanti che forniscono eccellenti proprietà tribologiche in molte applicazioni in cui è richiesto un basso attrito. Durante un processo di usura per strisciamento, infatti, avviene un trasferimento di materiale polimerico sulla superficie antagonista, con conseguente creazione di un film sottile (detto anche tribofilm) in cui le macromolecole si allungano lungo la direzione di scorrimento. Nella zona di contatto si crea un'interazione polimero-polimero e non più polimero-ceramica/metallo, che comporta un lavoro di adesione molto basso e un basso coefficiente di attrito. L'approccio in questa tesi di dottorato è stato la ricerca e l'analisi dei parametri funzionali che determinano le caratteristiche tribologiche dei sistemi di accoppiamento. Questi parametri devono quindi essere correlati al processo di formazione del tribofilm e allo scambio termico nelle aree di contatto. L'obiettivo di questo progetto sarà la progettazione e lo sviluppo di un modello in grado di fornire dati indicativi sulla vita utile dei componenti realizzati con materiali a matrice PTFE, in condizione di contatto dinamico (tribologico) con una contro-superficie. Tale modello si basa su un'equazione che identifica la relazione tra le variabili indipendenti del processo e il risultato desiderato (variabile dipendente). Il passo successivo è la correlazione tra i risultati ottenuti da test effettuati su piccola scala (test "pin on disk") e i risultati ottenuti sul banco prova, in modo che questa equazione possa essere applicata anche su componenti reali. La previsione della vita utile dei polimeri fluorurati e dei compositi a matrice polimerica in applicazioni tribologiche comporterebbe un miglioramento significativo rispetto al semplice approccio "trial and error". I materiali a base PTFE, nominati “compounds”, sono stati forniti da ATP S.p.A, società con sede a Modena (Italia) che si occupa della progettazione e produzione di sistemi di tenuta in materiale polimerico. Per simulare le condizioni di strisciamento, sono stati eseguiti test tribologici “pin on disk”. Il metodo statistico Design of Experiment (DOE) è stato applicato per progettare le prove tribologiche e studiarne l'influenza delle variabili di input (velocità, carico, distanza), come fattori singoli o interagenti, sul tasso di usura del pin in PTFE. E’ stato utilizzato il software Minitab per elaborare i dati raccolti applicando algoritmi DOE. Nella prima parte del periodo di dottorato sono stati effettuati test tribologici su campioni di PTFE non rinforzato al fine di studiare il meccanismo di usura del materiale a contatto dinamico con contro-superfici in acciaio inox AISI 304, non rivestito o rivestito con Cr2O3 depositato con termo-spruzzatura al plasma; con il DOE sono stati successivamente valutati i fattori significativi sull’andamento del coefficiente d’attrito e del tasso d’usura. Nella seconda parte del periodo di dottorato sono state analizzate l'influenza della conducibilità termica sul comportamento tribologico dei compositi a matrice PTFE e la stabilità del tribofilm generato. Questo fenomeno è stato indagato eseguendo test tribologici con l’ausilio di una termocamera ad infrarossi per la rilevazione della temperatura di contatto e valutando il coefficiente di scambio termico attraverso specifiche misure di conducibilità sui campioni polimerici e sulle contro-superfici. La conducibilità termica dei compositi a matrice PTFE e il loro comportamento tribologico sono influenzati anche dalla quantità di filler aggiunti alla matrice fluoropolimerica; in questo lavoro sono state studiati filler di diversa famiglia e forma: fibre di vetro, fibre di carbonio, PEEK, bronzo (forma sferoidale e lamellare). Dopo questa fase sperimentale, è stata studiata l'elaborazione analitica di un "modello predittivo" per il materiale più impiegato in ambito Food & Beverage attraverso test effettuati su componenti di guida reali.

Caratterizzazione tribologica di materiali compositi a matrice di PTFE: parametri più influenti e stabilità del tribofilm / Federica Amenta , 2022 Mar 14. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.

Caratterizzazione tribologica di materiali compositi a matrice di PTFE: parametri più influenti e stabilità del tribofilm.

AMENTA, FEDERICA
2022

Abstract

PTFE has self-lubricating properties providing excellent tribological properties in many applications where low friction is sought for. During a sliding wear process, in fact, a polymer transfer is carried out on the surface of the antagonist, which can be metallic or ceramic, with the creation of a thin film (also called transfer-film) where the macromolecules stretch along the sliding direction. In the contact zone, a polymer-polymer interaction and no longer polymer-ceramic / metal one is created, resulting in a very low adhesion work that means a low coefficient of friction (normally between 0.05 and 0.15). The approach in this Ph.D. thesis has been the research and analysis of functional parameters that determine the tribological characteristics of coupling systems. These parameters must be then correlated to the transfer-film formation process and heat exchange in the tribological contact areas. The aim of this project is going to be the design and development of a model able to provide indicative data on the useful life of PTFE based material components, in condition of dynamic (tribological) contact with a counter-surface. This model is based on an equation that identifies the relationship between the independent variables of the process and the desired result (dependent variable). The next step is the correlation between the results obtained from tests carried out on a small scale (“pin on disk” tests) and the results obtained on the test rig, so that this equation can also be used on real components The prediction of the useful life of fluorinated polymers and polymer matrix composites in tribological applications would be a significant improvement compared to the simple “try and error” approach. The PTFE based materials, also called PTFE compounds, were provided by ATP S.p.A, a company based in Modena (Italy) that deals with the design and production of sealing systems in polymeric material. To simulate the sliding conditions, tribological pin on disk tests were carried out. The Design of Experiment (DOE) statistical method was applied to design the experiments and investigate the influence of the tribological testing variables (speed, load, distance), as single or interacting factors, on the wear rate of the PTFE pin. Minitab was used as software to elaborate the collected data applying DOE algorithms. In the first part of the Ph.D. period, tribological tests were carried out on unreinforced PTFE samples in order to investigate the wear mechanism of the material in dynamic contact with AISI 304 stainless steel countersurfaces, either uncoated or coated with plasma sprayed Cr2O3; the significant factors on the trend of the wear rate and of the coefficient of friction has been subsequently evaluated with the DoE statistical method. In the second part of the Ph.D. period, the influence of the thermal conductivity of PTFE composites on their tribological behaviour and the stability of transfer film created in a tribological coupling were studied. This phenomenon was investigated by performing tribological tests measuring the contact temperature with an infrared thermographic camera and by the evaluation of the heat transfer coefficient through specific conductivity measurements on the polymer samples and on the surfaces of the tribological counterparts. The thermal conductivity of PTFE composites and their tribological behaviour are also affected by the amount of fillers added to the PTFE matrix; in this work different families and shapes of filler were studied: glass fibres, carbon fibres, PEEK, bronze (spheroidal and lamellar shape). After this experimental stage, the analytical elaboration of a “predictive model” for the most used material in Food & Beverage field was studied through tests carried out on real guiding components, taking advantage of a complex test rig installed in ATP group laboratory.
Tribological characterization of PTFE matrix composites: most influential parameters and stability of the transfer-film.
14-mar-2022
BOLELLI, Giovanni
LUSVARGHI, Luca
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1270086
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