The mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) represents about ¾ of epilepsy cases in adults. MTLE is associated to a well defined pattern of injury, being among the “structural” etiologic group of epilepsies. About ⅔ of people with MTLE do not achieve satisfying control of seizures with the standard therapy which, at least regarding the odds ratio of SUDEP, is considered ≤1 generalized seizure per year. People with epilepsy present a higher incidence of cognitive and psychiatric comorbidities. In recent yers, plastic alterations ranging from system to molecular levels have driven attention of researchers. It is hoped that knowledge of mechanisms associated to epileptogenesis may shorten the way to more effective prognostic and therapeutical approaches to MTLE and its comorbidities. In this thesis, I aimed to 1) investigate trophic alterations in the amygdalopetal cholinergic fibers from the basal forebrain after status epilepticus (SE); 2) test the effect of a proline derivative, N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (NMP) in counteracting the neuronal death (that is, neuroprotective effect) after SE. I carried out morphometric analysis of neurons and axon terminals in specific divisions of amygdala and basal forebrain in rats after kainic acid-induced SE, and in sham controls. I carried out analysis of parameters of behavior, neuronal death and glial activation in mice undergone intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) pilocarpine-induced SE, in mice undergone i.c.v. pilocarpine plus treatment with NMP and in controls. Apart from that, I described strong statistic correlations between behavioral and electrocorticographic endpoints and different degrees of histopathologic injuriy in the KA model. I disclosed hypertrophy of cholinergic perikarya in three regions of the basal forebrain in post-SE animals, which are the main source of cholinergic innervation of amygdala. The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala was significantly shrunken ~25% in post-SE animals, but the density of axon terminals was not altered. I observed a dose-dependent effect of NMP in preventing the i.c.v. pilocarpine-induced behavioral deficits and increase in the parameters of cell death, astrocyte and microglial activation (GFAP and Iba-1), which moved toward sham values. I observed a high docking score between NMP and the GABA uptaker 1 (GAT-1), indicating this protein as the putative target of NMP. I quantitated the levels of GAT-1 expression by immunoflurescence and western blot. Expression of GAT-1 was greatly increased in the pilocarpine group, and returned to values not distinguishable from controls at both NMP doses. I have found a strong correlation between the latency of the first generalized seizure induced by kainic acid with the latency of the first spontaneous convulsive seizure (Racine’s stage ≥3) of the chronic epilepsy. Also, I have found that the total duration of the kainic acid-induced SE correlated strongly with the number of brain structures injured. Overal, these findings point that: 1) there is hypertrophy in the basal forebrain cholinergic projections on amygdala. This can be a relevant mechanism in the pathophysiology of MTLE and its comorbidities, that can be a potential target of therapeutical intervention. 2) NMP significantly inhibited memory deficits, neuronal death, glial activation and the increase in the expression of GAT-1. This makes NMP worthy to be further investigated as a potential adjunctive therapy in MTLE. 3) The dynamic evolution of the SE exerts strong influence in the timing of appearance and progression of the spontaneous recurrent seizures, and in the distribution of histologic damage. This can enhance be useful in the devising markers of disease progression and therapeutic response of epilepsies, with prognostic purposes.

L'epilessia del lobo temporale mesiale (MTLE) rappresenta circa ¾ dei casi di epilessia negli adulti. MTLE è associata ad un pattern di lesione ben definito, essendo classificata nel gruppo eziologico delle epilessie "strutturale". Circa ⅔ di persone con MTLE non raggiungono un controllo soddisfacente delle crisi epilettiche con la terapia standard che, almeno per quanto riguarda il rapporto di probabilità di SUDEP, è considerato ≤1 crise epilettica generalizzata all'anno. Le persone con epilessia presentano una maggiore incidenza di comorbidità cognitive e psichiatriche. Negli ultimi anni, le alterazioni plastiche che vanno dal livello sistemico a livelli molecolari hanno spinto l'attenzione dei ricercatori. Si spera che la conoscenza dei meccanismi associati all'epilettogenesi possa abbreviare la strada verso un approccio prognostico e terapeutico più efficiente della MTLE e delle sue comorbidità. L’obiettivo è stato quello di: 1) caratterizzare le alterazione trofiche nelle proiezione colinergiche del prosencefalo basale dirette all’amigdala dopo lo status epilepticus (SE); 2) testare l'effetto di un derivato della prolina, N-metil-(2S,4R)-trans-4-idrossi-L-prolina (NMP) nel prevenire la morte neuronale (effetto neuroprotettivo) indotta dallo SE. Ho effettuato l'analisi morfometrica dei neuroni e dei terminali assonali in specifiche divisioni del prosencefalo basale e dell'amigdala nei ratti post-SE e nei controlli. Ho analizzato l’effetto di due dosi di NMP nello SE indotto dalla pilocarpina intracerebroventricolare (i.c.v.). In questo modello ho analizzato dei parametri di comportamento, di morte neuronale e dell'attivazione gliale. Oltre a questo, ho descritto forti correlazioni statistiche tra gli endpoint comportamentali ed elettrocorticografici e la distribuzione topografica delle lesioni istopatologiche nel modello KA. C’è stata ipertrofia dei corpi neuronali colinergici in tre regioni del prosencefalo basale in animali post-SE, la principale fonte d’innervazione colinergica dell'amigdala. Il suo nucleo basolaterale è stato ridotto ~ 25% negli animali post-SE, ma la densità dei terminali assonali non è stata alterata. NMP ha prevenuto in modo dose-dipendente i deficit comportamentali e l’aumento dei parametri di morte cellulare, attivazione astrocitaria e microgliale (GFAP e Iba-1) indotti dalla pilocarpina i.c.v. NMP ha presentato elevato punteggio di docking con in GABA uptaker 1 (GAT-1), che indica questa proteina come il suo bersaglio putativo. L’espressione di GAT-1 è stata notevolmente aumentata nel gruppo pilocarpina, e ha tornato a valori non distinguibili dai controlli ad entrambe le dosi di NMP. La latenza della prima crisi generalizzata indotta da acido cainico ha presentato forte correlazione con quella della prima crisi convulsiva spontanea (stadio di Racine ≥3) dell'epilessia cronica. Inoltre, ho osservato che la durata totale dello SE indotto da acido cainico è fortemente correlata con il numero di strutture cerebrali daneggiate. Questi risultati suggeriscono che: 1) c'è ipertrofia nelle proiezioni colinergiche del proencefalo basale sull'amigdala. Questo può essere un meccanismo fisiopatologia rilevante di MTLE e le sue comorbidità, che può essere bersaglio d’interventi terapeutici. 2) L'NMP ha prevenuto i deficit di memoria, la morte neuronale, l'attivazione gliale e l'aumento dell'espressione del GAT-1. Questo rende l'NMP attrattivo come potenziale terapia aggiuntiva in MTLE. 3) L'evoluzione dinamica del SE influenza fortemente i tempi di comparsa e la progressione delle crisi ricorrenti spontanee e nella distribuzione del danno istologico cerebrale. Ciò può essere utile nella scopetra di marcatori di risposta terapeutica e di progressione della malattia a scopo prognostico.

Modelli post-status epilepticus di epilessia del lobo temporale mesiale: nuovi aspetti della lesione cerebrale, rimodellamento e neuroprotezione / Italo Rosal Lustosa , 2021 Sep 29. 33. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2019/2020.

Modelli post-status epilepticus di epilessia del lobo temporale mesiale: nuovi aspetti della lesione cerebrale, rimodellamento e neuroprotezione

ROSAL LUSTOSA, ITALO
2021

Abstract

The mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) represents about ¾ of epilepsy cases in adults. MTLE is associated to a well defined pattern of injury, being among the “structural” etiologic group of epilepsies. About ⅔ of people with MTLE do not achieve satisfying control of seizures with the standard therapy which, at least regarding the odds ratio of SUDEP, is considered ≤1 generalized seizure per year. People with epilepsy present a higher incidence of cognitive and psychiatric comorbidities. In recent yers, plastic alterations ranging from system to molecular levels have driven attention of researchers. It is hoped that knowledge of mechanisms associated to epileptogenesis may shorten the way to more effective prognostic and therapeutical approaches to MTLE and its comorbidities. In this thesis, I aimed to 1) investigate trophic alterations in the amygdalopetal cholinergic fibers from the basal forebrain after status epilepticus (SE); 2) test the effect of a proline derivative, N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (NMP) in counteracting the neuronal death (that is, neuroprotective effect) after SE. I carried out morphometric analysis of neurons and axon terminals in specific divisions of amygdala and basal forebrain in rats after kainic acid-induced SE, and in sham controls. I carried out analysis of parameters of behavior, neuronal death and glial activation in mice undergone intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) pilocarpine-induced SE, in mice undergone i.c.v. pilocarpine plus treatment with NMP and in controls. Apart from that, I described strong statistic correlations between behavioral and electrocorticographic endpoints and different degrees of histopathologic injuriy in the KA model. I disclosed hypertrophy of cholinergic perikarya in three regions of the basal forebrain in post-SE animals, which are the main source of cholinergic innervation of amygdala. The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala was significantly shrunken ~25% in post-SE animals, but the density of axon terminals was not altered. I observed a dose-dependent effect of NMP in preventing the i.c.v. pilocarpine-induced behavioral deficits and increase in the parameters of cell death, astrocyte and microglial activation (GFAP and Iba-1), which moved toward sham values. I observed a high docking score between NMP and the GABA uptaker 1 (GAT-1), indicating this protein as the putative target of NMP. I quantitated the levels of GAT-1 expression by immunoflurescence and western blot. Expression of GAT-1 was greatly increased in the pilocarpine group, and returned to values not distinguishable from controls at both NMP doses. I have found a strong correlation between the latency of the first generalized seizure induced by kainic acid with the latency of the first spontaneous convulsive seizure (Racine’s stage ≥3) of the chronic epilepsy. Also, I have found that the total duration of the kainic acid-induced SE correlated strongly with the number of brain structures injured. Overal, these findings point that: 1) there is hypertrophy in the basal forebrain cholinergic projections on amygdala. This can be a relevant mechanism in the pathophysiology of MTLE and its comorbidities, that can be a potential target of therapeutical intervention. 2) NMP significantly inhibited memory deficits, neuronal death, glial activation and the increase in the expression of GAT-1. This makes NMP worthy to be further investigated as a potential adjunctive therapy in MTLE. 3) The dynamic evolution of the SE exerts strong influence in the timing of appearance and progression of the spontaneous recurrent seizures, and in the distribution of histologic damage. This can enhance be useful in the devising markers of disease progression and therapeutic response of epilepsies, with prognostic purposes.
Post-status epilepticus models of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: newly reported aspects of brain injury, remodeling and neuroprotection
29-set-2021
BIAGINI, Giuseppe
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