Background The new challenge in cervical cancer prevention is the reduction of unnecessary diagnosis and treatment. These phenomena may increase with the introduction of the HPV test. We need triage tests to reduce colposcopy referral of HPV-DNA positive women, and we need appropriate follow up strategies for women who had a colposcopy and received treatment for a high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2 or CIN3). Objectives In the present Ph.D. research project, we aimed, firstly, to assess the accuracy of biomarkers (HPV E6/E7 mRNA and p16/Ki67) as test of triage in HPV-DNA based screening protocols. Secondly, we aimed to assess the prognostic value of these biomarkers for the identification of regressive lesions. Finally, we updated national guidelines for the follow up of women treated for CIN2 or CIN3 with evidence-based recommendations. Methods At the Epidemiology unit of AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, we coordinated the data collection by all centres of the New Technologies in Cervical Cancer 2 (NTCC2) trial. NTCC2 aimed to measure the accuracy of mRNA and p16/Ki67 and their negative predictive value for CIN2 or more severe lesions (CIN2+) recruiting women who were invited for a new screening round based on HPV-DNA test within the screening programs (i.e. aged 25-59). Regarding the third objective, as member of the Italian Group for Cervical Cancer Screening (GISCi) we lead the Evidence Review Team involved in the multi-societal guidelines development process at a national level. We coordinated the systematic reviews and the Evidence-to-Decision (EtD) process (according to GRADE methodology). Results The NTCC2 recruited 40,509 women of which 3147 (7.8%) HVP-DNA positive were included in the baseline analysis. Cumulatively, 174 CIN2+ (including 95 CIN3 and 1 Adenocarcinoma in situ) were found within 24 months since recruitment. As for cross-sectional accuracy, adjusted sensitivity for CIN2+ was 61.0% (95%CI 53.6-68.0), 94.4% (95%CI 89.1-97.3), and 75.2% (95%CI 68.1-81.6) for cytology, mRNA, and p16/ki67 respectively. The overall referral was 65.3%, 78.6%, and 63.7%, respectively. The Positive Predictive Value (PPV) was 9.5% for cytology, 8.3% for mRNA, and 10.1% for p16/ki67. As for prognostic value for regression of CIN2+ lesions and clearance of HPV DNA, in NTCC2 data regression was almost null in biomarker-positive women at baseline, while in biomarker-negatives was [-76% (95%CI from -97% to more than 100%) and -39% (95%CI from -72% to 33%) for E6/E7 mRNA and p16/ki67, respectively]. However, the test for interaction was not statistically significant in either case. Moreover, among HPV DNA+ /cytology- women, the clearance of HPV DNA after 12 months in mRNA-negative women was 1.9 times (95% CI 1.7, 2.2) that in mRNA+ women and clearance in p16/ki67- women was 1.9 times (95% CI 1.5, 2.5) that in p16/ki67+ women. Finally, we published the first recommendation on the HPV vaccination of women treated for CIN2 or CIN3 in the National Institute of Health (SNLG) repository. We completed the adoloptment process of six recommendations voted by a previous panel on the choice of follow up tests, number of episodes, and intervals. Finally, we completed the evidence synthesis and EtD process for the remaining clinical questions on the management of women according to the results of after-treatment follow up tests. Adopted and new recommendations are currently under review by the SNLG assessment team for publication. Conclusions The present Ph.D. research project provided new evidence on the use of biomarkers in cervical cancer screening, identifying p16/ki67 as the most promising triage test. Moreover, we supported national recommendations development updating existing guidelines on the follow up of women treated for CIN2 or CIN3.

Introduzione La sfida nella prevenzione del cancro cervicale è ridurre diagnosi e trattamenti non necessari che possono aumentare con l'introduzione del test HPV. Sono necessari test di triage per ridurre l'invio di colposcopia di donne positive al test HPV-DNA e strategie di follow-up appropriate per le donne che hanno ricevuto un trattamento per una neoplasia intraepiteliale cervicale di alto grado (CIN2 o CIN3). Obiettivi Il primo obiettivo del progetto di ricerca di dottorato è valutare l'accuratezza dei biomarcatori (mRNA di E6/E7 virali e p16/Ki67) come test di triage nei protocolli di screening basati sul test HPV-DNA. In secondo luogo, ha l’obiettivo di valutare il valore prognostico dei biomarcatori per l'identificazione di lesioni regressive. Terzo obiettivo è aggiornare linee guida nazionali per il follow-up delle donne trattate per CIN2 o CIN3 con raccomandazioni evidence-based. Metodi Presso l'Unità di Epidemiologia dell'AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, abbiamo coordinato la raccolta dati dei centri reclutatori dello studio New Technologies in Cervical Cancer 2 (NTCC2). NTCC2 mirava a misurare l'accuratezza e il valore predittivo negativo per lesioni cervicali CIN2 o più gravi (CIN2 +) di mRNA e p16/ki67 reclutando donne invitate a programmi organizzati di screening con HPV-DNA (età 25 -59). Per il terzo obiettivo, come membri del Gruppo Italiano per lo Screening del Cancro Cervicale (GISCi) abbiamo guidato l'Evidence Review Team coinvolto nel processo di sviluppo delle linee guida multi-societarie a livello nazionale, coordinando le revisioni sistematiche e il processo Evidence-to-Decision (EtD) (secondo la metodologia GRADE). Risultati L'NTCC2 ha reclutato 40.509 donne di cui 3147 (7,8%) positive all'HVP-DNA sono state incluse nell'analisi finale. Nei primi 24 mesi dal reclutamento sono stati trovate 174 CIN2 + (di cui 95 CIN3 e 1 adenocarcinoma in situ). Per l'accuratezza cross-sectional, la sensibilità aggiustata per CIN2 + è stata del 61,0% (IC95% 53,6-68,0), 94,4% (IC95% 89,1-97,3) e 75,2% (IC95% 68,1-81,6) per citologia, mRNA, e p16 rispettivamente. L’invio in colposcopia complessivo è stato rispettivamente del 65,3%, 78,6% e 63,7%. Il valore predittivo positivo (PPV) era del 9,5% per citologia, dell'8,3% per mRNA e del 10,1% per p16. Per il valore prognostico per regressione delle lesioni CIN2 + e per clearance del HPV-DNA, in NTCC2 la regressione era quasi nulla nelle donne positive ai biomarcatori, mentre nei biomarcatori negativi era del -76% (IC 95% da -97% a più del 100%) e -39% (IC95% da -72% a 33%) per mRNA e p16, rispettivamente], però con test di interazione non significativo in entrambi i casi. Inoltre, tra le donne HPV DNA+/citologia -, la clearance del HPV-DNA a 12 mesi nelle donne mRNA- era 1,9 volte (95% CI 1,7, 2,2) rispetto alle mRNA + e 1,9 volte (IC95% CI 1.5, 2.5) nelle donne p16/ki67- rispetto alle p16+. Infine, abbiamo pubblicato la prima raccomandazione sulla vaccinazione HPV delle donne trattate per CIN2/CIN3 nel repository del Sistema Nazionale Line Guida (SNLG) e completato il processo di adolopment di sei raccomandazioni votate da un precedente panel. Inoltre, abbiamo completato la sintesi delle evidenze e il processo EtD per le restanti domande cliniche sulla gestione delle donne in base ai risultati dei test di follow-up post-trattamento. Tali raccomandazioni sono in fase di revisione da parte del SNLG per la pubblicazione. Conclusioni Il presente progetto di ricerca di dottorato ha fornito nuove evidenze sull'uso dei biomarcatori nello screening del cancro cervicale, identificando p16/ki67 come il test di triage più promettente. Inoltre, ha supportato lo sviluppo di raccomandazioni nazionali aggiornando le linee guida esistenti sul follow-up delle donne trattate per CIN2 o CIN3.

Nuovi biomarcatori e nuove raccomandazioni per lo screening del cervicocarcinoma basato su test HPV-DNA / Francesco Venturelli , 2021 May 31. 33. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2019/2020.

Nuovi biomarcatori e nuove raccomandazioni per lo screening del cervicocarcinoma basato su test HPV-DNA.

VENTURELLI, FRANCESCO
2021

Abstract

Background The new challenge in cervical cancer prevention is the reduction of unnecessary diagnosis and treatment. These phenomena may increase with the introduction of the HPV test. We need triage tests to reduce colposcopy referral of HPV-DNA positive women, and we need appropriate follow up strategies for women who had a colposcopy and received treatment for a high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2 or CIN3). Objectives In the present Ph.D. research project, we aimed, firstly, to assess the accuracy of biomarkers (HPV E6/E7 mRNA and p16/Ki67) as test of triage in HPV-DNA based screening protocols. Secondly, we aimed to assess the prognostic value of these biomarkers for the identification of regressive lesions. Finally, we updated national guidelines for the follow up of women treated for CIN2 or CIN3 with evidence-based recommendations. Methods At the Epidemiology unit of AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, we coordinated the data collection by all centres of the New Technologies in Cervical Cancer 2 (NTCC2) trial. NTCC2 aimed to measure the accuracy of mRNA and p16/Ki67 and their negative predictive value for CIN2 or more severe lesions (CIN2+) recruiting women who were invited for a new screening round based on HPV-DNA test within the screening programs (i.e. aged 25-59). Regarding the third objective, as member of the Italian Group for Cervical Cancer Screening (GISCi) we lead the Evidence Review Team involved in the multi-societal guidelines development process at a national level. We coordinated the systematic reviews and the Evidence-to-Decision (EtD) process (according to GRADE methodology). Results The NTCC2 recruited 40,509 women of which 3147 (7.8%) HVP-DNA positive were included in the baseline analysis. Cumulatively, 174 CIN2+ (including 95 CIN3 and 1 Adenocarcinoma in situ) were found within 24 months since recruitment. As for cross-sectional accuracy, adjusted sensitivity for CIN2+ was 61.0% (95%CI 53.6-68.0), 94.4% (95%CI 89.1-97.3), and 75.2% (95%CI 68.1-81.6) for cytology, mRNA, and p16/ki67 respectively. The overall referral was 65.3%, 78.6%, and 63.7%, respectively. The Positive Predictive Value (PPV) was 9.5% for cytology, 8.3% for mRNA, and 10.1% for p16/ki67. As for prognostic value for regression of CIN2+ lesions and clearance of HPV DNA, in NTCC2 data regression was almost null in biomarker-positive women at baseline, while in biomarker-negatives was [-76% (95%CI from -97% to more than 100%) and -39% (95%CI from -72% to 33%) for E6/E7 mRNA and p16/ki67, respectively]. However, the test for interaction was not statistically significant in either case. Moreover, among HPV DNA+ /cytology- women, the clearance of HPV DNA after 12 months in mRNA-negative women was 1.9 times (95% CI 1.7, 2.2) that in mRNA+ women and clearance in p16/ki67- women was 1.9 times (95% CI 1.5, 2.5) that in p16/ki67+ women. Finally, we published the first recommendation on the HPV vaccination of women treated for CIN2 or CIN3 in the National Institute of Health (SNLG) repository. We completed the adoloptment process of six recommendations voted by a previous panel on the choice of follow up tests, number of episodes, and intervals. Finally, we completed the evidence synthesis and EtD process for the remaining clinical questions on the management of women according to the results of after-treatment follow up tests. Adopted and new recommendations are currently under review by the SNLG assessment team for publication. Conclusions The present Ph.D. research project provided new evidence on the use of biomarkers in cervical cancer screening, identifying p16/ki67 as the most promising triage test. Moreover, we supported national recommendations development updating existing guidelines on the follow up of women treated for CIN2 or CIN3.
New biomarkers and new recommendations for HPV-based cervical cancer screening
31-mag-2021
BARGELLINI, Annalisa
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