During recent years, novel compounds/tools are being proposed to maintain oral health and/or to treat dental/periodontal problems. As well known, dental caries are among the most diffused infections and their improper management turns towards relevant disease(s) and eventually tooth extraction. Extensive literature documents the pathogenic role of certain microorganisms and their ability to persist in the oral cavity, as a complex microbial community, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, tightly enclosed in a polymeric matrix of polysaccharide origin. Such sessile community, and particularly dental plaque, the first deeply studied human-associated biofilm, is notoriously refractory not only to common cleaning procedures by mouthwashes and tooth-pastes/brushes, but also to antimicrobial drugs and host immune defenses. This scenario becomes further complicated considering that the widely diffused orthodontic treatments, with fixed or removal brackets, extend the clinical challenge, being such devices an additional good habitat for microbial adhesion, growth and biofilm formation. To a similar extent, patients with dental implants may locally develop biofilm-related diseases, allowing clinical progression toward pathogen-related peri-mucositis or peri-implantitis. From here, the need arises for innovative tools/compounds to facilitate microbial removal and maintenance of oral cavity homeostasis. Besides the most investigated oral pathogens, including Streptococcus mutans-group and the “red complex” Gram-negative anaerobe bacilli, also Candida albicans (C. albicans), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) may occur as causative agent of oral diseases. The first, often harbored as commensal of healthy mucosae, is the main fungal pathogen involved in oral mucositis. The latter two are subtle pathogens, responsible of wide-spectrum diseases; they are being extensively used for in vitro studies, because of their numerous virulence factors and wide-spectrum antimicrobial resistance. The aim of the present thesis was to evaluate in vitro and ex vivo, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of innovative approaches against oral pathogens. Our data provided in vitro and ex vivo evidence on the antimicrobial efficacy of several dental-care compounds. A novel use of the endodontic product Cupral could be proposed in daily hygiene practices. The Bic-40 treatment was shown as the best approach in cleaning smooth and rough titanium surfaces (without altering their properties); importantly, its device-decontamination efficacy did not affect the biological properties of reparative stem cells. Furthermore, our work added new insights on the anti-microbial properties of a natural compound, such as propolis, and on its possible mechanisms of action. At last, we showed that the Biorepair Peribioma toothpaste and gum deeply affected oral microorganisms’ behavior, drastically impairing their ability to contaminate and produce plaque onto orthodontic devices; interestingly, replacement by beneficial microorganisms was observed. The overall take-home message from this research is that basic science may greatly increase our knowledge on how to counteract biofilm-producing pathogens; in turn, this will facilitate prevention and/or treatment of dental and oral biofilm-associated infections, making a huge difference in terms of health promotion.
Negli ultimi anni, sono stati proposti nuovi composti/strumenti per mantenere la salute orale e/o per trattare diversi problemi dentali/parodontali. Come è noto, la carie dentale si pone tra le infezioni più diffuse ed una sua gestione impropria comporta lo sviluppo di malattie rilevanti ed eventualmente all'estrazione dell’elemento dentale. Una vasta letteratura documenta il ruolo patogenetico di diversi microorganismi che sono in grado di persistere nel cavo orale, in quanto capaci di organizzandosi come comunità microbica eterogenea (comprendente batteri, virus e funghi), adesa alle diverse superfici, strettamente racchiusa in una matrice polimerica di origine polisaccaridica. Tale comunità sessile, che se adesa ai denti è detta placca dentale, è notoriamente refrattaria non solo alle comuni procedure di pulizia con collutori e dentifrici/spazzolini, ma anche ai farmaci antimicrobici e alle difese immunitarie dell'ospite. Questo scenario si complica ulteriormente considerando che l’ampio uso di attacchi fissi o rimovibili nei trattamenti ortodontici espande la problematica e la conseguente sfida clinica, essendo tali dispositivi un ulteriore habitat utile per l'adesione microbica, la crescita e la formazione di biofilm. In misura simile, i pazienti con impianti dentali possono sviluppare localmente malattie legate alla produzione di biofilm impianto-associato, consentendo la progressione clinica verso quadri di perimucosite o perimplantite infettiva. Da qui, sorge la necessità di strumenti/composti innovativi per facilitare la rimozione di microrganismi potenzialmente patogeni e il mantenimento dell'omeostasi del cavo orale. Oltre ai patogeni orali più noti, tra cui il gruppo Streptococcus mutans e il "complesso rosso" dei bacilli anaerobi Gram-negativi, anche Candida albicans (C. albicans), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) possono essere agenti eziologici di malattie orali. Il primo germe, spesso ospitato come commensale delle mucose sane, è il principale patogeno fungino coinvolto nella mucosite orale. Gli altri due sono patogeni molto subdoli, responsabili di malattie ad ampio spettro; considerati i loro numerosi fattori di virulenza e l’ampia farmaco-resistenza, S. aureus e P. aeruginosa sono ampiamente utilizzati per studi in vitro come preziosi prototipi di patogeni Gram-positivi e Gram-negativi. Lo scopo della presente tesi era di valutare in vitro ed ex vivo l'efficacia antimicrobica e antibiofilm di approcci innovativi contro i patogeni orali. Questa tesi ha fornito prove in vitro ed ex vivo sull'efficacia antimicrobica di composti nuovi e tradizionali per la cura e l’igiene del cavo orale, da cui possono derivare in prospettiva scelte più razionali e consapevoli. Ad esempio, un nuovo utilizzo del prodotto endodontico Cupral potrebbe essere proposto nelle pratiche di igiene quotidiana, così come potrebbe essere privilegiato il trattamento delle peri-implantiti con il sistema Bic-40, vista la sua particolare efficacia nella pulizia e nella decontaminazione di superfici lisce e ruvide in titanio, senza influire sulla vitalità delle cellule staminali dell’ospite. Inoltre, il nostro lavoro ha aggiunto nuove conoscenze sulle proprietà antimicrobiche di un composto naturale come la propoli e sui suoi possibili meccanismi d'azione, offrendo nuove opportunità nella ricerca di molecole antimicrobiche alternative. Infine, abbiamo dimostrato che il dentifricio e la gomma Biorepair Peribioma possono influenzare profondamente il comportamento dei microorganismi del cavo orale, a favore di condizioni utili al mantenimento dello stato di salute di questo distretto anatomico. Questo lavoro ha fornito nuove evidenze su come contrastare i patogeni, particolarmente se produttori di biofilm; facilitando il disegno di strategie mirate per la prevenzione e/o il trattamento delle infezioni dentali e orali associate al biofilm.
Approcci innovativi per studi sui patogeni del cavo orale: modelli di studio in vitro ed ex vivo / Aida Meto , 2021 May 31. 33. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2019/2020.
Approcci innovativi per studi sui patogeni del cavo orale: modelli di studio in vitro ed ex vivo
METO, AIDA
2021
Abstract
During recent years, novel compounds/tools are being proposed to maintain oral health and/or to treat dental/periodontal problems. As well known, dental caries are among the most diffused infections and their improper management turns towards relevant disease(s) and eventually tooth extraction. Extensive literature documents the pathogenic role of certain microorganisms and their ability to persist in the oral cavity, as a complex microbial community, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, tightly enclosed in a polymeric matrix of polysaccharide origin. Such sessile community, and particularly dental plaque, the first deeply studied human-associated biofilm, is notoriously refractory not only to common cleaning procedures by mouthwashes and tooth-pastes/brushes, but also to antimicrobial drugs and host immune defenses. This scenario becomes further complicated considering that the widely diffused orthodontic treatments, with fixed or removal brackets, extend the clinical challenge, being such devices an additional good habitat for microbial adhesion, growth and biofilm formation. To a similar extent, patients with dental implants may locally develop biofilm-related diseases, allowing clinical progression toward pathogen-related peri-mucositis or peri-implantitis. From here, the need arises for innovative tools/compounds to facilitate microbial removal and maintenance of oral cavity homeostasis. Besides the most investigated oral pathogens, including Streptococcus mutans-group and the “red complex” Gram-negative anaerobe bacilli, also Candida albicans (C. albicans), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) may occur as causative agent of oral diseases. The first, often harbored as commensal of healthy mucosae, is the main fungal pathogen involved in oral mucositis. The latter two are subtle pathogens, responsible of wide-spectrum diseases; they are being extensively used for in vitro studies, because of their numerous virulence factors and wide-spectrum antimicrobial resistance. The aim of the present thesis was to evaluate in vitro and ex vivo, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of innovative approaches against oral pathogens. Our data provided in vitro and ex vivo evidence on the antimicrobial efficacy of several dental-care compounds. A novel use of the endodontic product Cupral could be proposed in daily hygiene practices. The Bic-40 treatment was shown as the best approach in cleaning smooth and rough titanium surfaces (without altering their properties); importantly, its device-decontamination efficacy did not affect the biological properties of reparative stem cells. Furthermore, our work added new insights on the anti-microbial properties of a natural compound, such as propolis, and on its possible mechanisms of action. At last, we showed that the Biorepair Peribioma toothpaste and gum deeply affected oral microorganisms’ behavior, drastically impairing their ability to contaminate and produce plaque onto orthodontic devices; interestingly, replacement by beneficial microorganisms was observed. The overall take-home message from this research is that basic science may greatly increase our knowledge on how to counteract biofilm-producing pathogens; in turn, this will facilitate prevention and/or treatment of dental and oral biofilm-associated infections, making a huge difference in terms of health promotion.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD thesis_Aida Meto_20 may 21.pdf
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