During the last 30 years there has been a growing scientific interest in topics related to geoheritage and a large set of related initiatives have emerged all around the world. Despite the increasing attention, only few countries have a national geoheritage inventory and the present knowledge about geological heritage is generally dispersed and incomplete justifying the establishment of a geoconservation strategy. An important role on this field is played by the UNESCO Global Geoparks, identified as single areas that comprise sites with international geological significance managed with a holistic concept of protection, education and sustainable development. This PhD research has foreseen the recognition and assessment of sites of geological and geomorphological interest, geosites, through four main stages, with the outcome of a final list of geosites, in the frame of the expression of interest made by the Ministry of Environment of Malta. The assessment methodology applied combines geological heritage with landscape cultural components that are partly determined by the geomorphological context in which they are inserted. The evaluation of geological features is essentially based on the scientific value considering different criteria, but additional values are also considered such as the links between geological heritage and all other aspects of the area's natural, cultural and intangible heritages, as required by the UNESCO guidelines to the application as UNESCO Geopark. Furthermore, this thesis presents an innovative quantitative methodology to assess the risk of degradation of geosites, fundamental to understand the threats affecting them and to schedule a correct monitoring and management plan to conserve the geoheritage relevance. The methodology is based on three main criteria (i) natural vulnerability, (ii) anthropic vulnerability and (iii) public use. The risk-based approach proposed is also important to tackle the effects of climate change already in act and to assess their future impact on the geosites. The recognition and assessment of geosites and the application of the new degradation risk methodology have been conducted on the Maltese Islands, located in the centre of the Mediterranean Sea. The archipelago, despite having a steadily increasing growth in population and tourism, still conserves geological and geomorphological features of great relevance and interest both for their contribution to the understanding of the geological processes acting through time on landscapes and for their aesthetic importance. Coastal cliffs, bays, sandy beaches, sinkholes, caves are some of the most outstanding geological and geomorphological features of the Maltese Islands, creating an outstanding landscape which is an attraction for a number of visitors. These are mostly concentrated in coastal areas, where the main economic activity is tourism. Human activities and natural processes may cause negative impacts that act directly on specific sites of particular value or large areas of the territory. Malta was considered the most suitable location to conduct the research due to the fact that, despite the rich geological heritage, lacks a complete national inventory of geosites and in relation to interest shown also by the UNESCO National Commission. This research provides insights for the definition of strategies aimed at the conservation of geoheritage elements and the development of a sustainable and responsible tourism, which also enhances the rich geological heritage of these areas, by encouraging the knowledge and understanding the landscape and its evolution. Such measures are of current relevance, due to the fact that the Maltese Islands have the highest population density in Europe and annually receive a considerable tourist influx, which result in a high degree of human pressure. In addition, the research has contributed to the management of the studied area, also in the view of a UNESCO Geopark nomination.

Il tema del patrimonio geologico ha riscosso un gran interesse nel mondo scientifico nell’arco degli ultimi trent’anni, portando ad una serie di ricerche ed iniziative in tutto il mondo. Nonostante il crescente interesse, soltanto poche nazioni presentano un inventario del patrimonio geologico nazionale e la conoscenza del patrimonio geologico è generalmente frammentata ed incompleta, mostrando la necessità di strategie di geoconservazione. Un ruolo importante in questo campo è giocato dalla rete di Geoparchi Mondiali UNESCO, definiti come singole aree geografiche i cui siti e paesaggi di valore geologico internazionale vengono gestiti secondo un concetto olistico di protezione, educazione, sviluppo sostenibile. La presente ricerca di dottorato ha previsto l’individuazione e la valutazione di siti di interesse geologico e geomorfologico - geositi - attraverso quattro passaggi principali, con il risultato di una lista finale di geositi, nell’ambito dell’interesse espresso dal Ministero dell’Ambiente maltese. La metodologia di valutazione applicata combina patrimonio geologico con patrimonio culturale, il quale è in parte determinato dal contesto geomorfologico nel quale è inserito. La valutazione di caratteristiche geologiche è essenzialmente basata sul valore scientifico e dalla valutazione di valori addizionali che valorizzano la connessione tra patrimonio geologico e patrimonio culturale e naturalistico, come richiesto dalle direttive UNESCO per l’applicazione come Geoparco UNESCO. In aggiunta, questa tesi presenta una nuova metodologia quantitativa che permette di valutare il rischio di degrado connesso ai geositi, il quale è fondamentale per individuare le principali minacce alla loro integrità e per effettuare un corretto piano di monitoraggio e gestione. La metodologia è basata su tre criteri principali (i) vulnerabilità naturale, (ii) vulnerabilità antropica e (iii) uso pubblico. Questo approccio è importante per considerare gli effetti del cambiamento climatico che sono già in atto e il loro futuro impatto sui geositi. L’individuazione e valutazione di geositi e l’applicazione della nuova metodologia sul rischio di degrado sono state effettuate sull’arcipelago di Malta, situato nel cuore del Mediterraneo. Le Isole Maltesi, nonostante i crescenti livelli di popolazione e turismo, conservano paesaggi e siti di interesse geologico, spesso accompagnati da un elevato valore estetico. Scogliere, baie, spiagge sabbiose, sinkholes, grotte marine e terrestri sono alcuni degli eccezionali elementi geologici che concorrono alla creazione di paesaggi spettacolari che attirano un elevato numero di visitatori. Questi siti sono per lo più situati sulla costa dove il turismo è la principale attività economica. L’attività umana e i processi naturali possono causare impatti negativi che possono interessare direttamente i geositi e le aree circostanti. Malta è stata considerata come la perfetta area di studio poiché, nonostante la presenza di un ricco patrimonio geologico, manca di un inventario nazionale di geositi e per l’interesse mostrato dalla Commissione Nazionale UNESCO. Questa ricerca fornisce approfondimenti per la definizione di strategie mirate alla conservazione del patrimonio geologico e ad un turismo sostenibile e responsabile, che valorizzi anche il fiorente patrimonio geologico. Un turismo più attento e controllato, che sensibilizzi anche gli abitanti dell’isola al tema della sostenibilità, è di estrema importanza per il fatto che le Isole Maltesi presentano la maggior densità di popolazione di tutta Europa ed un considerevole flusso turistico che porta a un’elevata pressione antropica. Per concludere, la ricerca ha contribuito alla gestione dell’area di studio, anche in vista della sua candidatura come Geoparco Mondiale UNESCO.

Indagini ambientali volte all’individuazione di siti e forme del paesaggio potenzialmente identificabili come Geoparchi Mondiali UNESCO / Lidia Selmi , 2021 Apr 12. 33. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2019/2020.

Indagini ambientali volte all’individuazione di siti e forme del paesaggio potenzialmente identificabili come Geoparchi Mondiali UNESCO

SELMI, LIDIA
2021

Abstract

During the last 30 years there has been a growing scientific interest in topics related to geoheritage and a large set of related initiatives have emerged all around the world. Despite the increasing attention, only few countries have a national geoheritage inventory and the present knowledge about geological heritage is generally dispersed and incomplete justifying the establishment of a geoconservation strategy. An important role on this field is played by the UNESCO Global Geoparks, identified as single areas that comprise sites with international geological significance managed with a holistic concept of protection, education and sustainable development. This PhD research has foreseen the recognition and assessment of sites of geological and geomorphological interest, geosites, through four main stages, with the outcome of a final list of geosites, in the frame of the expression of interest made by the Ministry of Environment of Malta. The assessment methodology applied combines geological heritage with landscape cultural components that are partly determined by the geomorphological context in which they are inserted. The evaluation of geological features is essentially based on the scientific value considering different criteria, but additional values are also considered such as the links between geological heritage and all other aspects of the area's natural, cultural and intangible heritages, as required by the UNESCO guidelines to the application as UNESCO Geopark. Furthermore, this thesis presents an innovative quantitative methodology to assess the risk of degradation of geosites, fundamental to understand the threats affecting them and to schedule a correct monitoring and management plan to conserve the geoheritage relevance. The methodology is based on three main criteria (i) natural vulnerability, (ii) anthropic vulnerability and (iii) public use. The risk-based approach proposed is also important to tackle the effects of climate change already in act and to assess their future impact on the geosites. The recognition and assessment of geosites and the application of the new degradation risk methodology have been conducted on the Maltese Islands, located in the centre of the Mediterranean Sea. The archipelago, despite having a steadily increasing growth in population and tourism, still conserves geological and geomorphological features of great relevance and interest both for their contribution to the understanding of the geological processes acting through time on landscapes and for their aesthetic importance. Coastal cliffs, bays, sandy beaches, sinkholes, caves are some of the most outstanding geological and geomorphological features of the Maltese Islands, creating an outstanding landscape which is an attraction for a number of visitors. These are mostly concentrated in coastal areas, where the main economic activity is tourism. Human activities and natural processes may cause negative impacts that act directly on specific sites of particular value or large areas of the territory. Malta was considered the most suitable location to conduct the research due to the fact that, despite the rich geological heritage, lacks a complete national inventory of geosites and in relation to interest shown also by the UNESCO National Commission. This research provides insights for the definition of strategies aimed at the conservation of geoheritage elements and the development of a sustainable and responsible tourism, which also enhances the rich geological heritage of these areas, by encouraging the knowledge and understanding the landscape and its evolution. Such measures are of current relevance, due to the fact that the Maltese Islands have the highest population density in Europe and annually receive a considerable tourist influx, which result in a high degree of human pressure. In addition, the research has contributed to the management of the studied area, also in the view of a UNESCO Geopark nomination.
Environmental investigation aiming to outline sites and landscapes potentially recognizable as UNESCO Global Geoparks
12-apr-2021
CORATZA, Paola
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