Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae), native to East Asia, is a very polyphagous species that cause serious damage on fruits and seeds, rendering the products unmarketable. Being a hitchhiker on inanimate objects, it has a high dispersion capacity facilitated by human activities and trade, which allows a fast colonization worldwide. To manage the invasion of this pest, farmers have increased the use of broad spectrum insecticides, disrupting IPM programs, with serious risks both for the economy and the environment. Besides, due to the overwintering aggregations inside buildings, H. halys is also a dwelling nuisance. In Europe, Italy is the country that has suffered the greatest economic losses from H. halys, as evidenced by the estimated € 600 million damage in 2019. In the view to optimize the management in agroecosystem towards sustainability, the knowledge of ecological and behavioural traits of invasive pests is crucial. This work is targeted on H. halys, focusing in particular i) on the role of native generalist predators as biocontrol agents for this pest, and ii) on verifying if essential oils could be used to reduce the trouble it causes in both agricultural and urban contexts. Considering the role of native predators, a first group of experiments investigated the predatory ability of several solitary generalist predators on the eggs and the first two juvenile instars in no-choice laboratory trials. Results indicated that the tested species showed a quite low acceptance of H. halys prey-items, as only two species (the orthopteran Eupholidoptera chabrieri and the reduviid Rhynocoris iracundus) caused 80% mortality on at least one item and the mortality due the other predators never exceed 60%. A second set of laboratory trials tested the potential of Lasius niger, the most common ant in pear orchards. Results showed that it predated second and third instars of H. halys but not the eggs and the older nymphs. A complementary approach to investigate predation by native species was to perform molecular analysis of the gut content of specimens collected in the field. Results indicated presence of H. halys in the gut of insects belonging to Coccinellidae, Forficulidae, Nabidae, Reduvidae, Mogoplistidae, Tettigoniidae and of arachnids belonging to Phalangiidae, Anyphaenidae, Araneidae, Philodromidae and Salticidae. By identifying species that can exploit H. halys as a suitable prey, this part of the work that was performed in northern Italy, provides an important contribution for conservation biological control of this pest in southern Europe. Further trials were performed in Canada on the spider Phiddipus audax, a very common generalist predator in North America, which is usually found in high numbers inside field traps baited with aggregation pheromone of H. halys in late summer. Field investigations and laboratory tests with an olfactometer allowed to ascertain that P. audax can use the aggregation pheromone as a clue to identify H. halys as a potential prey and identified a clear seasonal response as the spiders responded to the chemical cues only in fall, suggesting physiological changes in response to environmental conditions. The potential usefulness of essential oils to reduce troubles caused by H. halys was tested in a two-choice apparatus where the repellence of four compounds at different concentrations was evaluated on adults of three different physiological-behavioural phases: exiting overwintering, active during summer, entering overwintering. All tested oils were repellent at concentrations higher than 3%. Results suggested that turmeric and clove essential oils are promising candidates to reduce attacks to susceptible crops in summer, as well as to prevent the entrance of overwintering adults in houses.

Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae), nativa dell'Asia orientale, è una specie molto polifaga che rende frutti e semi non commercializzabili. Essendo un autostoppista su oggetti inanimati, ha un'elevata capacità di dispersione facilitata dal commercio, che permette una rapida espansione globale. Per contrastarla, gli agricoltori hanno aumentato l'uso di insetticidi ad ampio spettro, stravolgendo i piani di difesa integrata, con gravi rischi economici e ambientali. Inoltre, a causa delle aggregazioni di svernanti negli edifici, è anche un fastidio urbano. In Europa, l'Italia è il Paese che ha subito le maggiori perdite economiche, come testimoniano i danni stimati di 600 milioni di € nel 2019. Per ottimizzare la gestione sostenibile negli agroecosistemi, è fondamentale la conoscenza dei tratti ecologici e comportamentali degli organismi invasivi. Questo lavoro è incentrato su H. halys, in particolare su: i) ruolo dei predatori generalisti nativi come agenti di biocontrollo, e ii) valutazione dell’uso di oli essenziali per ridurre i problemi causati sia in ambito agricolo che urbano. Considerando il ruolo dei predatori nativi, un primo gruppo di prove ha studiato in laboratorio l'abilità predatoria di diverse specie solitarie sulle uova e le neanidi. I risultati hanno indicato un'accettazione piuttosto bassa di H. halys come preda, poiché solo due specie (l'ortottero Eupholidoptera chabrieri e il reduvide Rhynocoris iracundus) hanno causato l'80% di mortalità su almeno un tipo di preda e la mortalità dovuta agli altri predatori non superava mai il 60%. Una seconda serie di prove ha testato il potenziale di Lasius niger, la formica più comune nei pereti. I risultati hanno mostrato predazione sul secondo e il terzo stadio di H. halys ma non su uova e ninfe. Un approccio complementare per studiare la predazione da parte di specie autoctone è stato quello di eseguire analisi molecolari del contenuto intestinale di esemplari raccolti in campo. I risultati hanno indicato la presenza di H. halys nell'intestino di insetti (Coccinellidae, Forficulidae, Nabidae, Reduvidae, Mogoplistidae, Tettigoniidae) e di aracnidi (Phalangiidae, Anyphaenidae, Araneidae, Philodromidae e Salticidae). Individuando specie in grado di sfruttare H. halys come preda, questa parte del lavoro, che è stata eseguita nel nord Italia, fornisce un importante contributo sul controllo biologico conservativo di questo insetto nell'Europa meridionale. Ulteriori prove sono state eseguite in Canada sul ragno Phiddipus audax, un predatore generalista molto comune in Nord America, che di solito si trova in numero elevato in campo nelle trappole innescate con feromone di aggregazione di H. halys a fine estate. Indagini in campo e test di laboratorio con l’olfattometro hanno permesso di accertare che P. audax può utilizzare il feromone di aggregazione come indizio per identificare H. halys come preda e hanno identificato una chiara risposta stagionale in quanto i ragni rispondevano ai segnali solo in autunno, suggerendo cambiamenti fisiologici in risposta alle condizioni ambientali. La potenziale utilità degli oli essenziali per ridurre i problemi causati da H. halys è stata valutata testando la repellenza di quattro composti a diverse concentrazioni su adulti di tre fasi fisiologiche-comportamentali: uscita da svernamento, attività in estate, entrata in svernamento. Tutti gli oli testati erano repellenti a concentrazioni superiori al 3%. I risultati hanno suggerito che gli oli essenziali di curcuma e chiodo di garofano sono candidati promettenti per ridurre gli attacchi alle colture sensibili in estate, nonché per prevenire l'ingresso di adulti svernanti nelle case.

Indagini sull’ecologia e sul comportamento della specie invasiva Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) finalizzate alla sua gestione sostenibile negli agroecosistemi / Giacomo Bulgarini , 2021 Mar 19. 33. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2019/2020.

Indagini sull’ecologia e sul comportamento della specie invasiva Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) finalizzate alla sua gestione sostenibile negli agroecosistemi

BULGARINI, GIACOMO
2021

Abstract

Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae), native to East Asia, is a very polyphagous species that cause serious damage on fruits and seeds, rendering the products unmarketable. Being a hitchhiker on inanimate objects, it has a high dispersion capacity facilitated by human activities and trade, which allows a fast colonization worldwide. To manage the invasion of this pest, farmers have increased the use of broad spectrum insecticides, disrupting IPM programs, with serious risks both for the economy and the environment. Besides, due to the overwintering aggregations inside buildings, H. halys is also a dwelling nuisance. In Europe, Italy is the country that has suffered the greatest economic losses from H. halys, as evidenced by the estimated € 600 million damage in 2019. In the view to optimize the management in agroecosystem towards sustainability, the knowledge of ecological and behavioural traits of invasive pests is crucial. This work is targeted on H. halys, focusing in particular i) on the role of native generalist predators as biocontrol agents for this pest, and ii) on verifying if essential oils could be used to reduce the trouble it causes in both agricultural and urban contexts. Considering the role of native predators, a first group of experiments investigated the predatory ability of several solitary generalist predators on the eggs and the first two juvenile instars in no-choice laboratory trials. Results indicated that the tested species showed a quite low acceptance of H. halys prey-items, as only two species (the orthopteran Eupholidoptera chabrieri and the reduviid Rhynocoris iracundus) caused 80% mortality on at least one item and the mortality due the other predators never exceed 60%. A second set of laboratory trials tested the potential of Lasius niger, the most common ant in pear orchards. Results showed that it predated second and third instars of H. halys but not the eggs and the older nymphs. A complementary approach to investigate predation by native species was to perform molecular analysis of the gut content of specimens collected in the field. Results indicated presence of H. halys in the gut of insects belonging to Coccinellidae, Forficulidae, Nabidae, Reduvidae, Mogoplistidae, Tettigoniidae and of arachnids belonging to Phalangiidae, Anyphaenidae, Araneidae, Philodromidae and Salticidae. By identifying species that can exploit H. halys as a suitable prey, this part of the work that was performed in northern Italy, provides an important contribution for conservation biological control of this pest in southern Europe. Further trials were performed in Canada on the spider Phiddipus audax, a very common generalist predator in North America, which is usually found in high numbers inside field traps baited with aggregation pheromone of H. halys in late summer. Field investigations and laboratory tests with an olfactometer allowed to ascertain that P. audax can use the aggregation pheromone as a clue to identify H. halys as a potential prey and identified a clear seasonal response as the spiders responded to the chemical cues only in fall, suggesting physiological changes in response to environmental conditions. The potential usefulness of essential oils to reduce troubles caused by H. halys was tested in a two-choice apparatus where the repellence of four compounds at different concentrations was evaluated on adults of three different physiological-behavioural phases: exiting overwintering, active during summer, entering overwintering. All tested oils were repellent at concentrations higher than 3%. Results suggested that turmeric and clove essential oils are promising candidates to reduce attacks to susceptible crops in summer, as well as to prevent the entrance of overwintering adults in houses.
Investigations on ecology and behaviour of the invasive Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera:Pentatomidae) aimed at its sustainable management in agro-ecosystems
19-mar-2021
MAISTRELLO, Lara
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