In contemporary societies, schooling is a fundamental resource in enabling persons to achieve the fullest opportunity to develop their abilities. In light of this, equity and quality of the education system are among the fundamental pillars of developed countries. The present research points out the need to build a more inclusive education system. In particular, it focuses on analysing the direct and indirect effects that the COVID-19 pandemic has been having on education inequalities, by addressing some policy proposals to overcome to these disparities. The first chapter is an introduction that explains about the importance that societies must attach to the increase in school enrolment rates. It focuses on the recent diffusion of smart working as a mean that allows to keep on working while limiting the risk of infection diffusion. By applying an influence function regression method to the INAPP-PLUS survey, it analyses how a potential increase in the use of smart working may impact the distribution of labour income. Results show that the potential benefits deriving from a positive shift in smart working would be unequally distributed among employees. Thus, smart working risks to exacerbate pre-existing inequalities in the labour market, especially when it is not adequately regulated. The second chapter focuses on the effects that the economic cycle could produce on decisions by people to invest in post-compulsory education. Results may be particularly important in light of the negative economic trend consequent to the outbreak. I adopt a fixed effect model on panel data from EU-SILC. Findings exhibit a negative relation between the economic trend and the decision to invest in education for the poorer population, while the wealthier people seems to be a-cyclical. Therefore, the economic cycle has a different impact on educational choices along the income distribution, hence it may produce inequality in the access to education when it improves. The third chapter relies on a machine learning procedure to identify the effectiveness of lockdown measures in Italy, by using time series of COVID-19 cases. Results reveal that among the restrictive measures taken by the Italian government, the closure of schools is the most effective one, while the shutdown of “non-essential” activities appears to be hardly relevant. Moreover, a strong heterogeneity in terms of the social, health and economic features, of these measures across Italian provinces emerges. The last chapter studies the current education inequalities arising from school closures during the pandemic. By using PISA 2018 data, it investigates the short and long run consequences that a lack of ICT facilities may produce on students unable to learn remotely. Findings show that, everything else equal, these students experience significant cognitive losses. Furthermore, they are more likely to revise downwards their plans on future education. To sum up, the present thesis starts by showing that changes in the labour market exacerbate the need to implement long-term interventions aimed at promoting the enrolment rate in non-compulsory education in particular for youths coming from poorer households. The worsening of the economic conditions consequent to the advent of the COVID-19 may be used as a driver in this sense. At the same time, it suggests that the closure of the schools as a measure to contrast the pandemic, might have controversial effects when it is not associated with further social distancing measures, since teenagers get infected during their spare time. Finally, distance learning could exacerbate learning inequalities. Therefore, the school system should provide ICT facilities and the relative skills to students in order to reduce learning inequalities effects.
Nelle società contemporanee, la scolarizzazione è una risorsa fondamentale per consentire alle persone di raggiungere la piena opportunità di sviluppo delle proprie abilità. Alla luce di ciò, l'equità e la qualità del sistema educativo sono tra i pilastri fondamentali dei paesi sviluppati. La presente ricerca evidenzia la necessità di costruire un sistema educativo più inclusivo. In particolare, si concentra sull'analisi degli effetti diretti e indiretti che la pandemia COVID-19 ha avuto sulle disuguaglianze educative, suggerendo alcune proposte di policy per superare queste disparità. Il primo capitolo tratta l’importanza di incentivare l’educazione post-obbligatoria. Esso si concentra sulla recente diffusione dello smart working, che permette di lavorare limitando il rischio di diffusione dell'infezione. Applicando un metodo di influence function regression all'indagine INAPP-PLUS, si analizza in che modo un potenziale aumento dello smart working possa influire sulla distribuzione dei redditi da lavoro. I risultati mostrano che i potenziali benefici derivanti dalla diffusione dello smart working potrebbero essere distribuiti in modo diseguale tra i lavoratori. Pertanto, questa pratica rischia di aggravare le disuguaglianze preesistenti nel mercato del lavoro, soprattutto se non adeguatamente regolamentate. Il secondo capitolo si concentra sugli effetti che il ciclo economico potrebbe produrre sulle decisioni d’investimento nell'istruzione post-obbligatoria. I risultati possono essere particolarmente importanti alla luce del trend economico negativo conseguente allo scoppio del COVID-19. Attraverso un modello a effetti fissi implementato sui dati panel EU-SILC, si nota che la relazione tra ciclo economico e le scelte d’investimento in educazione è differente tra la popolazione: questa è negativa per le famiglie più povere, mentre quelle più ricche sembrano essere a-cicliche. Pertanto, quando il ciclo economico migliora può causare un aumento della disuguaglianza nell'accesso all'istruzione. Il terzo capitolo si basa su una procedura di machine learning che identifica l'efficacia delle tre misure di lockdown in Italia sulla limitazione dell’epidemia. I risultati rivelano che la chiusura delle scuole è stata la misura più efficace, mentre la chiusura delle attività “non essenziali” appare essere stata poco rilevante. Inoltre emerge una forte eterogeneità in termini di caratteristiche sociali, sanitarie ed economiche di queste misure tra le province italiane. L'ultimo capitolo studia le disuguaglianze educative derivanti dalla chiusura delle scuole durante la pandemia. Utilizzando i dati di PISA 2018, esso indaga le conseguenze a breve e lungo termine che la mancanza degli strumenti ICT può produrre sugli studenti incapaci di apprendere a distanza. I risultati mostrano che, a parità di altre condizioni, questi studenti subiscono significativamente perdite cognitive ed è più probabile che essi rivedano al ribasso la propria carriera scolastica. In sintesi, questa tesi illustra come i cambiamenti nel mercato del lavoro aumentano la necessità di attuare interventi volti a promuovere il tasso di partecipazione nell’educazione, in particolare per i giovani provenienti da famiglie più povere. Il peggioramento delle condizioni economiche conseguente all'avvento del COVID-19 può aiutare in tal senso. Essa inoltre suggerisce che la chiusura delle scuole come misura per contrastare la pandemia potrebbe avere effetti controversi quando non è accompagnata con ulteriori misure di allontanamento sociale. Infine, l'apprendimento a distanza potrebbe aggravare le disuguaglianze educative. Pertanto, il sistema scolastico dovrebbe fornire agli studenti gli strumenti ICT e le relative competenze al fine di ridurre le disuguaglianze di apprendimento.
La pietra miliare dello sviluppo delle persone: ripensare l’educazione dopo la pandemia COVID-19 / Luca Bonacini , 2021 Mar 22. 33. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2019/2020.
La pietra miliare dello sviluppo delle persone: ripensare l’educazione dopo la pandemia COVID-19
BONACINI, LUCA
2021
Abstract
In contemporary societies, schooling is a fundamental resource in enabling persons to achieve the fullest opportunity to develop their abilities. In light of this, equity and quality of the education system are among the fundamental pillars of developed countries. The present research points out the need to build a more inclusive education system. In particular, it focuses on analysing the direct and indirect effects that the COVID-19 pandemic has been having on education inequalities, by addressing some policy proposals to overcome to these disparities. The first chapter is an introduction that explains about the importance that societies must attach to the increase in school enrolment rates. It focuses on the recent diffusion of smart working as a mean that allows to keep on working while limiting the risk of infection diffusion. By applying an influence function regression method to the INAPP-PLUS survey, it analyses how a potential increase in the use of smart working may impact the distribution of labour income. Results show that the potential benefits deriving from a positive shift in smart working would be unequally distributed among employees. Thus, smart working risks to exacerbate pre-existing inequalities in the labour market, especially when it is not adequately regulated. The second chapter focuses on the effects that the economic cycle could produce on decisions by people to invest in post-compulsory education. Results may be particularly important in light of the negative economic trend consequent to the outbreak. I adopt a fixed effect model on panel data from EU-SILC. Findings exhibit a negative relation between the economic trend and the decision to invest in education for the poorer population, while the wealthier people seems to be a-cyclical. Therefore, the economic cycle has a different impact on educational choices along the income distribution, hence it may produce inequality in the access to education when it improves. The third chapter relies on a machine learning procedure to identify the effectiveness of lockdown measures in Italy, by using time series of COVID-19 cases. Results reveal that among the restrictive measures taken by the Italian government, the closure of schools is the most effective one, while the shutdown of “non-essential” activities appears to be hardly relevant. Moreover, a strong heterogeneity in terms of the social, health and economic features, of these measures across Italian provinces emerges. The last chapter studies the current education inequalities arising from school closures during the pandemic. By using PISA 2018 data, it investigates the short and long run consequences that a lack of ICT facilities may produce on students unable to learn remotely. Findings show that, everything else equal, these students experience significant cognitive losses. Furthermore, they are more likely to revise downwards their plans on future education. To sum up, the present thesis starts by showing that changes in the labour market exacerbate the need to implement long-term interventions aimed at promoting the enrolment rate in non-compulsory education in particular for youths coming from poorer households. The worsening of the economic conditions consequent to the advent of the COVID-19 may be used as a driver in this sense. At the same time, it suggests that the closure of the schools as a measure to contrast the pandemic, might have controversial effects when it is not associated with further social distancing measures, since teenagers get infected during their spare time. Finally, distance learning could exacerbate learning inequalities. Therefore, the school system should provide ICT facilities and the relative skills to students in order to reduce learning inequalities effects.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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