Nivolumab represents the new second-line treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). This drug is a fully human IgG4 against PD-1 and his role is to inhibits programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint. In the majority of patients, this drug is able to restore the patient’s tumour-specific T-cell-mediated response thus improving both overall survival and objective response rate. However, a lack of clinical response occurs in a number of patients, raising questions about how to predict and increase the number of patients who receive long-term clinical benefit from immune checkpoint therapy. The requirement for the immune system as a mediator of the drug's activity suggests that the balance of positive and negative regulators of the immune response at the time of therapy may be critical for therapy efficacy. Of particular interest are soluble factors involved in the recruitment and regulation of effector T cells, the frequency of different subsets of regulatory T cells and the ratio between effector T cells and regulatory T cells. The main aim of this project is to identify immune and serum biomarkers that are modulated in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma during and treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and that can discriminate patients who most likely benefit from such therapy. This is a prospective, longitudinal, study on patients with mRCC who will receive Nivolumab in standard clinical practice. The project investigates changes in main immune parameters in patients with mRCC treated with nivolumab by analysing blood samples at baseline and after 1, 2, 3, 6 and eventually 12 months. Thirty mL of blood were collected and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated according to standard procedures. PBMC were stored in liquid nitrogen. Then, PBMC were thawed according to standard procedures and stained with a viability probe and the following antibodies recognizing: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, CD127, FoxP3, ICOS, CXCXR6, CXCR3, CD95, CD45RA, CCR7, CD95, HLA-DR, CD38, CD28, CD27, CD71, CD87, CD39, TIM3, TIGIT, CCR4, Glycoforin, PD-1/IgG4, CD57, KI-67. This 28-color multicolour flow cytometry panel was set up in collaboration with Dr. Lugli (Humanitas, Milan). Samples were acquired by using a BD Symphony flow cytometer. Compensation was set using single stained controls and gating strategy was checked by using FMO. Data analysis was performed using FlowJo 9.6 under Mac OSX. From January 2016 until October 2018 we enrolled 21 patients. The median age was 60 years (33-79). The majority of patients had clear cell histology (90%). Nivolumab was given as second-line therapy in 57% of patients, as third line therapy in 29% of cases. According with International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium Score (IMDC score) 72% of patients were in the intermediate prognostic risk group and 14% in poor risk. With a median follow-up of 14 months (min: 2 max: 31), 6-months and 12-months survival rate were 74% (95%CI 48-88) and 47% (95%CI 22-68), respectively. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.2 months (95% 3-10). Disease control was achieved in 8 patients (40%), defined responder (R). At time of analysis treatment was ongoing in 4 patients. Preliminary data on PBMC show that Ki-67, a marker of cell proliferation, is increased after 15 days of therapy in some patients. Accordingly, the expression of HLA-DR and CD38 are increased. Reactivation of the immune system is one of the main goals of nivolumab. We expect to identify easily measurable immune biomarkers that predict the responsiveness to nivolumab. Finding novel biomarkers that predict the response to therapy with nivolumab and monitor its efficacy can be of great benefit for the success of treatment. Longer follow up is required to assess preliminary immunological data.

Nivolumab rappresenta attualmente uno standard per il trattamento di seconda linea del carcinoma renale metastatico (mRCC). E’ un anticorpo monoclonale IgG4 diretto contro programmed death-1 (PD-1) ed agisce inibendo il legame tra PD-1 e il suo ligando. Nella maggior parte dei pazienti, il farmaco ripristina la risposta immunitaria antitumorale T-mediata, migliorando la sopravvivenza e il tasso di rispsote obiettive. Tuttavia, in un certo numero di pazienti non si osserva una risposta al trattamento, motivando la crescente necessità di predire e incrementare il numero di pazienti responsive al trattamento con inibitori dei checkpoint immunitari. Il sistema immunitario rappresenta quindi un mediatore dell’attività del farmaco, suggerendo che l’equilibrio tra agenti regolatori positivi e negativi del sistema immunitario possono avere un ruolo chiave nell’efficacia terapeutica. Oggetto di attenzione sono fattori solubili coinvolti nel reclutamento e nella regolazione delle cellule T effettrici, i sottotipi di cellule T regolatorie e il rapporto tra cellule T effetrici e regolatorie. L’obiettivo principale del progetto è identificare biomarcatori sierici e immunitari in pazienti affetti da mRCC e trattati con Nivolumab per predire quali pazienti possono beneficiare del trattamento. E’ uno studio prospettico, longitdinale, su pazienti affetti da mRCC trattati con Nivolumab nella normale pratica clinica. Lo studio indaga le variazioni nei principali parametri immunitari nella popolazione in esame, attraverso l’analisi di prelievi ematici al basale e a distanza di 1, 2, 3, 6 ed eventualmente 12 mesi. Vengono prelevati 30 mL di sangue periferico da cui sono estratte le cellule perferiche mononucleate. Le cellule vengono conservate in azoto liquido. Vengono testati i seguenti anticorpi: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, CD127, FoxP3, ICOS, CXCXR6, CXCR3, CD95, CD45RA, CCR7, CD95, HLA-DR, CD38, CD28, CD27, CD71, CD87, CD39, TIM3, TIGIT, CCR4, Glycoforin, PD-1/IgG4, CD57, KI-67. Questa citometria a flusso multicolor viene analizzata in collaborazione con il Dr. Lugli (Humanitas Milano). I campioni vengono ottenuti attraverso un citometro a flusso BD Symphony. Per l’analisi dei dati viene utilizzato FlowJo 9.6 per MacOSX. Da gennaio 2016 a ottobre 2018 sono stati arruolati 21 pazienti. L’età media è di 60 anni (33-79). La maggiro parte dei pazienti ha un’istologia a cellule chiare (90%). Il Nivolumab è stato somministrato come terapia di seconda linea nel 59% dei casi e di terza linea nel 27% dei casi. Secondo International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium Score (IMDC score) il 72% ha un rischio prognostico intermedio e il 14% ha un rischio prognostico sfavorevole. Con un follow up mediano di 14 mesi (min 2 max 31), il tasso di sopravvivenza a 6 e 12 mesi è rispettivamente del 74% (95%CI 48-88) e del 47% (95%CI 22-68). La mediana di sopravvivenza libera da progressione è di 4.2 mesi (95%CI 3-10). Un controllo di malattia è stato registrato in 8 pazienti (40%) definiti responder (R). Al momento dell’analisi il trattamento era in corso di 4 pazienti. Dati preliminari mostrano che KI67, marker di proliferazione, aumenta dopo 15 giorni di trattamento. Coerentemente anche HLA-DR e CD38 sono aumentati. La riattivazione del sistema immunitario è l’obiettivo del trattamento con Nivolumab. Auspichiamo di individuare marker facilmente misurabili predittivi di risposta al trattamento. Un follow up più lungo sarà necesario per confermare i dati preliminari.

Decifrare la risposta immunitaria ai checkpoint inibitori e ricerca di nuovi biomarcatori nel carcinoma renale metastatico / Annalisa Guida , 2020 Mar 19. 32. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2018/2019.

Decifrare la risposta immunitaria ai checkpoint inibitori e ricerca di nuovi biomarcatori nel carcinoma renale metastatico

GUIDA, ANNALISA
2020

Abstract

Nivolumab represents the new second-line treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). This drug is a fully human IgG4 against PD-1 and his role is to inhibits programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint. In the majority of patients, this drug is able to restore the patient’s tumour-specific T-cell-mediated response thus improving both overall survival and objective response rate. However, a lack of clinical response occurs in a number of patients, raising questions about how to predict and increase the number of patients who receive long-term clinical benefit from immune checkpoint therapy. The requirement for the immune system as a mediator of the drug's activity suggests that the balance of positive and negative regulators of the immune response at the time of therapy may be critical for therapy efficacy. Of particular interest are soluble factors involved in the recruitment and regulation of effector T cells, the frequency of different subsets of regulatory T cells and the ratio between effector T cells and regulatory T cells. The main aim of this project is to identify immune and serum biomarkers that are modulated in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma during and treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and that can discriminate patients who most likely benefit from such therapy. This is a prospective, longitudinal, study on patients with mRCC who will receive Nivolumab in standard clinical practice. The project investigates changes in main immune parameters in patients with mRCC treated with nivolumab by analysing blood samples at baseline and after 1, 2, 3, 6 and eventually 12 months. Thirty mL of blood were collected and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated according to standard procedures. PBMC were stored in liquid nitrogen. Then, PBMC were thawed according to standard procedures and stained with a viability probe and the following antibodies recognizing: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, CD127, FoxP3, ICOS, CXCXR6, CXCR3, CD95, CD45RA, CCR7, CD95, HLA-DR, CD38, CD28, CD27, CD71, CD87, CD39, TIM3, TIGIT, CCR4, Glycoforin, PD-1/IgG4, CD57, KI-67. This 28-color multicolour flow cytometry panel was set up in collaboration with Dr. Lugli (Humanitas, Milan). Samples were acquired by using a BD Symphony flow cytometer. Compensation was set using single stained controls and gating strategy was checked by using FMO. Data analysis was performed using FlowJo 9.6 under Mac OSX. From January 2016 until October 2018 we enrolled 21 patients. The median age was 60 years (33-79). The majority of patients had clear cell histology (90%). Nivolumab was given as second-line therapy in 57% of patients, as third line therapy in 29% of cases. According with International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium Score (IMDC score) 72% of patients were in the intermediate prognostic risk group and 14% in poor risk. With a median follow-up of 14 months (min: 2 max: 31), 6-months and 12-months survival rate were 74% (95%CI 48-88) and 47% (95%CI 22-68), respectively. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.2 months (95% 3-10). Disease control was achieved in 8 patients (40%), defined responder (R). At time of analysis treatment was ongoing in 4 patients. Preliminary data on PBMC show that Ki-67, a marker of cell proliferation, is increased after 15 days of therapy in some patients. Accordingly, the expression of HLA-DR and CD38 are increased. Reactivation of the immune system is one of the main goals of nivolumab. We expect to identify easily measurable immune biomarkers that predict the responsiveness to nivolumab. Finding novel biomarkers that predict the response to therapy with nivolumab and monitor its efficacy can be of great benefit for the success of treatment. Longer follow up is required to assess preliminary immunological data.
Deciphering immune response to checkpoint inhibitors and finding novel biomarkers in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma
19-mar-2020
FEDERICO, Massimo
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