This research aims to study the neuro-autonomic correlates of the impairment in social functioning, found as a core component of at least two psychiatric disorders, namely Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Schizophrenia. Whereas in the former the impairment in social functioning reflects a disturbed psychological self-organization, in the latter it seems to be most related with deficit syndrome symptoms. The polyvagal theory provides a theoretical framework to explore whether these compromised social functioning would be associated with autonomic regulation strategies that foster defensive and non-social behaviours. According to the polyvagal theory the physiological reactivity in response to environmental “challenges” depends, at the cardiac level, on three branches of the Autonomic Nervous System. These could be alternatively dominant and have consecutively developed during evolution as follow: (1) the un-myelinated vagal system, associated with cardiac slowing and “freezing” conducts, (2) the sympathetic nervous system, responsible for tachycardia and “fight or flight” responses, and (3) the myelinated vagal system, that acts in different ways according to the estimated threat in the environments and fosters adaptive social engagement. The dynamic impact of the myelinated vagal fibers on the heart is reflected by the amplitude of the Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA), a naturally occurring rhythm in the cardiac cycle at approximately the frequency of spontaneous breathing. In the first study, using the Cyberball experiment, we investigated whether BPD patients display a peculiar pattern of changes in RSA after conditions of social inclusion and ostracism, compared with Healthy Controls (HC) and remitted Major Depressive Disorder patients, as a clinical control group. We found that, before the task, BPD patients showed reduced resting RSA, indicating stable difficulties in social predisposition. During the task, BPD patients responded with greater physiological arousal to any social situation and with greater feelings of ostracism after actually benign social scenarios, i.e., following social inclusion and when the ostracism experience is over. In the second study, we measured the autonomic and psychological response to Cyberball in a sample of patients with Schizophrenia, compared with HC. At baseline, we observed a reduced resting RSA, index of impaired social flexibility. During the task, the patients with Schizophrenia showed a blunted perception of threat and did not report aggressive tendencies, compared to HC, in response to the condition of ostracism. In both samples, a parasympathetic withdrawal was not observed, showing that the experience of being excluded did not induce propensities toward fight/flight responding. Overall, these findings confirmed low resting RSA that was observed across a variety of trans-diagnostic psychiatric conditions. Moreover, our results suggest that phasic changes in RSA in response to social interaction could be a trait marker of BPD. Finally, in the third study, we investigated the interoception, conceptualized as the sense of the internal physiological condition of the body. The processing of afferent bodily signals has been linked to higher-order psychological functions such as the sense of self and emotions regulation. Specifically, recent evidence suggested that interoceptive processes might predict the autonomic regulation in a social setting. Interoceptive Accuracy (IA) was measured with a heart beat detection task in the aggregated sample. Our results showed a reduced IA among patients with both BPD and Schizophrenia, confirming how interoceptive processes are altered in clinical samples and should be considered as potential mediator in patients' psychosocial difficulties.

Questa ricerca si propone di studiare i correlati neuro-autonomici delle alterazioni del funzionamento sociale che caratterizzano il Disturbo Borderline di Personalità (DBP) e la Schizofrenia. Nel DBP tali difficoltà riflettono un’organizzazione disfunzionale del sé; nella Schizofrenia, invece, sembrano dipendere dalla sintomatologia difettuale. La teoria polivagale fornisce una cornice teorica per comprendere se tali alterazioni si associno a strategie di regolazione autonomica che favoriscono comportamenti difensivi. Secondo la teoria polivagale, la reattività alle “sfide” ambientali dipende, a livello cardiaco, da tre branche del Sistema Nervoso Autonomo, sviluppate consecutivamente nel corso dell’evoluzione, alternativamente attivabili: (1) il sistema vagale non mielinizzato, responsabile della riduzione della frequenza cardiaca e di comportamenti di immobilizzazione, (2) il sistema nervoso simpatico, che determina tachicardia e risposte di “attacco-fuga”, e (3) il sistema vagale mielinizzato, che si attiva in modo flessibile in base alla presenza di minacce nell’ambiente e favorisce un coinvolgimento sociale adattivo. L’impatto dinamico delle fibre vagali mielinizzate sul cuore può essere misurato con l’Aritmia Sinusale Respiratoria (ASR), un’oscillazione spontanea del ritmo cardiaco in base agli atti respiratori. Nel primo studio, usando il paradigma sperimentale Cyberball, sono stati valutati i cambiamenti di ASR in condizioni di inclusione sociale ed ostracismo nei pazienti affetti da DBP, confrontandoli con un gruppo di Controlli Sani (CS) e con pazienti affetti da Disturbo Depressivo Maggiore Ricorrente in fase di remissione, inclusi come gruppo clinico di controllo. I pazienti affetti da DBP presentavano una ridotta ARS, indice di uno stato fisiologico che predispone a comportamenti difensivi già nell’approccio all’interazione sociale. Durante il gioco i pazienti affetti da DBP hanno presentato un’ulteriore riduzione dei livelli di ARS, che indica uno stato di allarme persistente, indipendente dal tipo di interazione, associato a maggiori sentimenti di minaccia anche in contesti sociali favorevoli. Nel secondo studio le risposte autonomiche ed emotive al gioco Cyberball sono state valutate in un gruppo di pazienti affetti da Schizofrenia, confrontandoli con un gruppo di CS. I pazienti, in condizioni di riposo, mostravano ridotti livelli di ARS, espressione di una ridotta flessibilità fisiologica in potenziali interazioni sociali. Nella condizione di ostracismo hanno riportato una minore percezione di minaccia rispetto ai CS e non hanno sviluppato tendenze aggressive verso i partecipanti da cui erano stati esclusi. In entrambi i gruppi non è stata rilevata alcuna modulazione nell’ARS, ad indicare che nel corso dell’interazione sociale il “freno vagale” ha soppresso l’attivazione di potenziali risposte di attacco/fuga. Tali risultati confermano che ridotti livelli di ARS a riposo si osservano in modo trans-diagnostico in diversi disturbi psichici. I cambiamenti in ARS in risposta all’interazione sociale sembrano essere distintivi del DBP. Il terzo studio riguarda l’enterocezione, intesa come la percezione delle sensazioni interne al corpo. Il processamento dei segnali enterocettivi è stato correlato a funzioni psicologiche superiori quali il senso di sé e la regolazione emotiva. Un recente studio ha mostrato come tali processi siano associati alla capacità di regolazione autonomica nei contesti sociali. L’Accuratezza Enterocettiva (AE) è stata misurata con il task di detenzione dei battiti cardiaci, sul campione aggregato. I risultati hanno mostrato una ridotta AE nei pazienti affetti da DBP e Schizofrenia, suggerendo un possibile effetto di mediazione dei processi enterocettivi nelle alterazioni del funzionamento sociale.

CUORE DI VETRO: VULNERABILITA’ AUTONOMICA CARDIACA ALL’INTERAZIONE SOCIALE E PSICOPATOLOGIA / Maria Lidia Gerra , 2020 Mar 19. 32. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2018/2019.

CUORE DI VETRO: VULNERABILITA’ AUTONOMICA CARDIACA ALL’INTERAZIONE SOCIALE E PSICOPATOLOGIA

GERRA, MARIA LIDIA
2020

Abstract

This research aims to study the neuro-autonomic correlates of the impairment in social functioning, found as a core component of at least two psychiatric disorders, namely Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Schizophrenia. Whereas in the former the impairment in social functioning reflects a disturbed psychological self-organization, in the latter it seems to be most related with deficit syndrome symptoms. The polyvagal theory provides a theoretical framework to explore whether these compromised social functioning would be associated with autonomic regulation strategies that foster defensive and non-social behaviours. According to the polyvagal theory the physiological reactivity in response to environmental “challenges” depends, at the cardiac level, on three branches of the Autonomic Nervous System. These could be alternatively dominant and have consecutively developed during evolution as follow: (1) the un-myelinated vagal system, associated with cardiac slowing and “freezing” conducts, (2) the sympathetic nervous system, responsible for tachycardia and “fight or flight” responses, and (3) the myelinated vagal system, that acts in different ways according to the estimated threat in the environments and fosters adaptive social engagement. The dynamic impact of the myelinated vagal fibers on the heart is reflected by the amplitude of the Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA), a naturally occurring rhythm in the cardiac cycle at approximately the frequency of spontaneous breathing. In the first study, using the Cyberball experiment, we investigated whether BPD patients display a peculiar pattern of changes in RSA after conditions of social inclusion and ostracism, compared with Healthy Controls (HC) and remitted Major Depressive Disorder patients, as a clinical control group. We found that, before the task, BPD patients showed reduced resting RSA, indicating stable difficulties in social predisposition. During the task, BPD patients responded with greater physiological arousal to any social situation and with greater feelings of ostracism after actually benign social scenarios, i.e., following social inclusion and when the ostracism experience is over. In the second study, we measured the autonomic and psychological response to Cyberball in a sample of patients with Schizophrenia, compared with HC. At baseline, we observed a reduced resting RSA, index of impaired social flexibility. During the task, the patients with Schizophrenia showed a blunted perception of threat and did not report aggressive tendencies, compared to HC, in response to the condition of ostracism. In both samples, a parasympathetic withdrawal was not observed, showing that the experience of being excluded did not induce propensities toward fight/flight responding. Overall, these findings confirmed low resting RSA that was observed across a variety of trans-diagnostic psychiatric conditions. Moreover, our results suggest that phasic changes in RSA in response to social interaction could be a trait marker of BPD. Finally, in the third study, we investigated the interoception, conceptualized as the sense of the internal physiological condition of the body. The processing of afferent bodily signals has been linked to higher-order psychological functions such as the sense of self and emotions regulation. Specifically, recent evidence suggested that interoceptive processes might predict the autonomic regulation in a social setting. Interoceptive Accuracy (IA) was measured with a heart beat detection task in the aggregated sample. Our results showed a reduced IA among patients with both BPD and Schizophrenia, confirming how interoceptive processes are altered in clinical samples and should be considered as potential mediator in patients' psychosocial difficulties.
HEART OF GLASS: CARDIAC AUTONOMIC VULNERABILITY TO SOCIAL INTERACTION AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
19-mar-2020
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