The present work aims to explore early mathematical competences in typically developing children and in individuals with Down syndrome. The period between 2 and 6 years is crucial for numerical abilities because there is a connection between innate numerical representation and cultural and social acquisition. The co-existence of number-specific and domain-general processes allows the development of numerical skills: the formers are linked to the numerical cognition, the domain-general processes include reasoning, language, and executive functions. In this period children show the ability to use mental representations and develop different cognitive abilities, like Gf factor and executive functions. The first study investigated early mathematical competences and domain-general processes in children between 4 and 5 years old. A battery of tasks assessing numerical competences, fluid reasoning, logical thinking, receptive language, and executive functions have been administered to a group of 71 typically developing children divided into groups based on their age (4-4.5 vs 4.6-4.11). The results revealed that the younger group performed at a significantly lower level on tasks assessing symbolic mathematical skills and counting. The mental additions and quantity discrimination performances were similar between the two groups. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the two groups on logical thinking, inhibition and sustained attention tasks. The results showed significant correlations between domain-general processes and concomitant mathematical competences, but the effects of these associations were different for the two groups. The second research analysed the same cognitive tasks in individuals with Down syndrome. Intellectual disability has been identified as one of the most important features in this population. The behavioral phenotype of individuals with Down syndrome is characterized by language impairments, limited memory span, and deficits in executive functions and learning abilities. The battery has been administered to a group of 11 individuals with Down syndrome and 11 typically developing children matched for mental age, assessed with the Operazioni Logiche test. The findings revealed that the group of participants with Down syndrome performed at a significantly lower level of quantity discrimination, grammatical comprehension, and short-term verbal memory tasks. Moreover, individuals with Down syndrome read better Arabic numbers than the control group. The results showed differences between the two groups on the quantity and quality of the relationships between domain-general processes and mathematical competences. Certainly, more researches on typically developing and Down syndrome children are needed, but these findings have shown significant similitudes and differences between typical and atypical population and the importance of a neuropsychological assessment. It should include mathematical competences, EF, language, fluid reasoning, and logical thinking. This approach could be useful for identifying strengths and weaknesses in the profiles.

Il presente progetto di ricerca ha l’obiettivo di approfondire la conoscenza dei processi di acquisizione delle competenze numeriche in bambini a sviluppo tipico e atipico. In età prescolare avviene il passaggio dalle competenze numeriche innate e preverbali a quelle più complesse legate ad aspetti culturali e sociali. La co-esistenza di processi dominio-specifici e dominio-generali permette di sviluppare le competenze numeriche: mentre i primi sono legati alla cognizione numerica, gli altri si concentrano su abilità cognitive non numeriche, tra cui il ragionamento, il linguaggio e le funzioni esecutive. Dai 2 ai 6 anni si sviluppa il pensiero simbolico, cioè la capacità del bambino di usare le rappresentazioni mentali per elaborare la realtà in modo progressivamente meno rigido e più reversibile. Altri modelli ipotizzano lo sviluppo, in questa fase evolutiva, di differenti abilità cognitive, tra cui il fattore Gf e le funzioni esecutive, sulle quali si strutturano le abilità di ragionamento, pianificazione e problem solving. Il primo studio ha indagato lo sviluppo di queste competenze durante il quarto anno di vita attraverso un’analisi delle prestazioni di bambini a sviluppo tipico (N=71) appartenenti a differenti fasce d’età (4-4.5 e 4.6-4.11). Ai partecipanti è stata somministrata una batteria che valuta le competenze numeriche, il ragionamento fluido, la qualità del pensiero, il linguaggio e le funzioni esecutive. I risultati mostrano che i bambini di 4.6-4.11 presentano maggiori competenze numeriche a livello lessicale e di conteggio, mentre le capacità di calcolo e quelle relative all’area semantica risultano simili tra le due fasce d’età. Inoltre, emergono differenze nella qualità delle operazioni mentali, nell’inibizione e nell’attenzione sostenuta. Si osservano significative relazioni tra i fattori dominio-generali indagati e le concomitanti competenze numeriche, seppur con differente intensità nelle due fasce d’età. Il medesimo disegno sperimentale è stato utilizzato per indagare le competenze numeriche e le funzioni cognitive in minori con Sindrome di Down. La disabilità intellettiva è stata identificata come una tra le caratteristiche più importanti di questa popolazione clinica, alla quale si associano compromissioni a carico del linguaggio, degli apprendimenti scolastici, tra cui la cognizione numerica, e delle funzioni esecutive. Il secondo studio ha rilevato che soggetti in età evolutiva (N=22) appartenenti a popolazioni differenti ma con medesima età mentale, valutata con il test Operazioni Logiche, mostrano simili competenze numeriche e cognitive. Ad eccezione della capacità di discriminazione di quantità e di lettura dei numeri, gli individui con Sindrome di Down e a sviluppo tipico di quattro anni d’età mentale mostrano analoghe competenze numeriche. Confrontando i dati, nei minori con Sindrome di Down si rilevano deficit nella comprensione morfosintattica e nella memoria a breve termine verbale. A parità di prestazioni, si osservano differenze tra i due gruppi nella quantità e qualità delle correlazioni tra i fattori dominio-generali e le competenze numeriche. Nonostante tali evidenze necessitino di maggiori approfondimenti, si sottolinea l’importanza di promuovere prassi cliniche che includano, già dall’età prescolare, la valutazione delle competenze numeriche e cognitive e, soprattutto nella Sindrome di Down, del funzionamento intellettivo e della qualità del pensiero, al fine di far emergere punti forza e di debolezza.

Le competenze numeriche prescolari e il ruolo dei processi dominio-generali in bambini a sviluppo tipico e in soggetti in età evolutiva con Sindrome di Down / Silvia Stefanelli , 2020 Mar 06. 32. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2018/2019.

Le competenze numeriche prescolari e il ruolo dei processi dominio-generali in bambini a sviluppo tipico e in soggetti in età evolutiva con Sindrome di Down

STEFANELLI, SILVIA
2020

Abstract

The present work aims to explore early mathematical competences in typically developing children and in individuals with Down syndrome. The period between 2 and 6 years is crucial for numerical abilities because there is a connection between innate numerical representation and cultural and social acquisition. The co-existence of number-specific and domain-general processes allows the development of numerical skills: the formers are linked to the numerical cognition, the domain-general processes include reasoning, language, and executive functions. In this period children show the ability to use mental representations and develop different cognitive abilities, like Gf factor and executive functions. The first study investigated early mathematical competences and domain-general processes in children between 4 and 5 years old. A battery of tasks assessing numerical competences, fluid reasoning, logical thinking, receptive language, and executive functions have been administered to a group of 71 typically developing children divided into groups based on their age (4-4.5 vs 4.6-4.11). The results revealed that the younger group performed at a significantly lower level on tasks assessing symbolic mathematical skills and counting. The mental additions and quantity discrimination performances were similar between the two groups. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the two groups on logical thinking, inhibition and sustained attention tasks. The results showed significant correlations between domain-general processes and concomitant mathematical competences, but the effects of these associations were different for the two groups. The second research analysed the same cognitive tasks in individuals with Down syndrome. Intellectual disability has been identified as one of the most important features in this population. The behavioral phenotype of individuals with Down syndrome is characterized by language impairments, limited memory span, and deficits in executive functions and learning abilities. The battery has been administered to a group of 11 individuals with Down syndrome and 11 typically developing children matched for mental age, assessed with the Operazioni Logiche test. The findings revealed that the group of participants with Down syndrome performed at a significantly lower level of quantity discrimination, grammatical comprehension, and short-term verbal memory tasks. Moreover, individuals with Down syndrome read better Arabic numbers than the control group. The results showed differences between the two groups on the quantity and quality of the relationships between domain-general processes and mathematical competences. Certainly, more researches on typically developing and Down syndrome children are needed, but these findings have shown significant similitudes and differences between typical and atypical population and the importance of a neuropsychological assessment. It should include mathematical competences, EF, language, fluid reasoning, and logical thinking. This approach could be useful for identifying strengths and weaknesses in the profiles.
Early numerical competences and the role of domain-general processes in typically developing children and in individuals with Down Syndrome
6-mar-2020
SCORZA, Maristella
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1200418
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