The increasing in waste production is among the major concern in many areas around the world. A strict regulations in relation to its traceability, which prevents any alternative uses and carries considerable costs, and the increasing demand for renewable sources for production of energy, chemicals, fuels and materials, is leading to a strong demand for innovative technologies for the management and valorisation of waste, particularly for livestock manure and organic fractions of municipal waste. In the last years, alternative strategies for enhancing such waste materials have been proposed that include thermochemical approaches (for example pyrolysis and hydrothermal treatment), the use of less conventional energy sources such as microwaves, ultrasounds or energy mechanical, fermentation and microbial digestion together with additional bio-based strategies, among which bioconversion by insects is certainly one of the most promising techniques. Indeed conversion of organic waste biomasses into valuable biomolecules is a peculiar characteristic of several kinds of insects. Among these insects Hermetia illucens (Linneus 1758, better known as Black Soldier Fly - BSF) represents an excellent example, possessing several advantages with respect to other species. Black Soldier Fly is a non-pest fly (adults live for a few days only, they do not feed and do not transmit pathogens), whose larvae are able to process and to develop very quickly on different substrates, including agricultural by-products, livestock excrements and organic waste, significantly restraining bacterial growth and bad odours development. Despite environmental and human health issues or considerations, BSFs prepupae are good sources of lipids, proteins and chitin, which have been exploited in recent years in the production of biodiesel, feed and bioplastics. In this study poultry manure is exploited to breed BSFs prepupae which will be fractioned in a laboratory in order to purify the protein, lipid and chitin fraction. Starting from BSF proteins an appropriate mixture of components and additives was identified to obtain bioplastics functional to their use in agriculture. Particularly the aim of this work is the environmental assessment through LCA analysis of all of the different processes from BSFs breeding to the bioplastics production, by passing through the phase of isolation, characterization and extraction of protein, lipid and chitinous fraction. Although, the number of studies evaluating bioconversion of organic waste by insects (in particular by BSFs) has considerably grown during the recent years, only a few of them reported the application of LCA methodology, limitedly to the only bioconversion process, thus assessing the environmental impact associated with the production of BSF prepupae, and comparing it with more conventional feed sources. The present study, applying the LCA to a complex system, which starts from breeding up to the production of bioplastics, aims to experimentally analyze some methodological aspects that have not yet been studied in depth to date. The project is a challenge to be tackled with a Life Cycle Thinking approach, but it is also an opportunity to study the weak aspects of the current LCA-based environmental assessment models, for example the local and indoor emissions, for which, a calculation framework (for air compartment) was developed based on the EcoIndicator99 and USEtox methods and the model Gaussian Plume Modeling.

L'aumento della produzione di rifiuti è una delle maggiori preoccupazioni in molte aree del mondo. Una rigida normativa sulla tracciabilità dei rifiuti, che ne impedisce usi alternativi e comporta costi non indifferenti, ed una crescente domanda di fonti rinnovabili per la produzione di energia, prodotti chimici, combustibili e materiali, sta portando ad una forte richiesta di tecnologie innovative per la gestione e la valorizzazione dei rifiuti, in particolare per deiezioni/scarti zootecnici e frazione organica dei rifiuti urbani. Negli ultimi anni sono state proposte strategie alternative per la valorizzazione di tali materiali di scarto che comprendono approcci termochimici (ad esempio pirolisi e trattamento idrotermico), l'uso di fonti energetiche meno convenzionali come microonde, ultrasuoni o energia meccanica, fermentazione e digestione microbica insieme ad ulteriori bio-based strategy, tra cui la bioconversione per mezzo di insetti rappresenta sicuramente una delle tecniche più promettenti. In effetti la conversione delle biomasse di rifiuti organici in preziose biomolecole è una caratteristica peculiare di diversi tipi di insetti. Tra questi insetti l’Hermetia illucens (Linneus 1758, meglio noto come Black Soldier Fly - BSF) rappresenta un esempio eccellente, con numerosi vantaggi rispetto ad altre specie. BSF è una mosca non nociva (gli adulti vivono solo per pochi giorni, non si nutrono e non trasmettono agenti patogeni), le cui larve sono in grado di lavorare e svilupparsi molto rapidamente su substrati diversi tra cui sottoprodotti agricoli, escrementi di bestiame e rifiuti organici, limitando in modo significativo la crescita batterica e lo sviluppo di cattivi odori. Nonostante i problemi o le considerazioni ambientali e sulla salute umana, le prepupe di BSF sono buone fonti di lipidi, proteine e chitina, che sono state sfruttate negli ultimi anni nella produzione di biodiesel, mangimi e bioplastiche. In questo studio la pollina viene sfruttata per allevare prepupe di BSF che verranno frazionate in laboratorio per purificare la frazione proteica, lipidica e quella chitinosa. A partire dalle proteine si è individuata una appropriata miscela di componenti/additivi per l’ottenimento di bioplastiche funzionali ad un loro uso in agricoltura. In particolare lo scopo di questo lavoro è la valutazione ambientale mediante analisi LCA di tutti i diversi processi, dall'allevamento di BSF alla produzione di bioplastiche, passando attraverso la fase di isolamento, caratterizzazione ed estrazione della frazione lipidica, proteica e chitinosa. Sebbene il numero di studi che hanno valutato la bioconversione dei rifiuti organici tramite insetti (in particolare BSF) sia cresciuto considerevolmente negli ultimi anni, solo alcuni di essi riportano l’applicazione della metodologia LCA, seppur limitatamente al solo processo di bioconversione, valutando solo l'impatto ambientale associato alla produzione di prepupe di BSF e confrontandolo con fonti di alimentazione più convenzionali. Il presente studio, applicando l'analisi LCA a un sistema complesso, che parte dall’allevamento fino ad arrivare alla produzione di bioplastiche, ha l'obiettivo di analizzare in modo sperimentale alcuni aspetti metodologici che non sono ancora stati approfonditi fino ad oggi. Il progetto rappresenta perciò una sfida da affrontare con l'approccio del Life Cycle Thinking, ma è anche una opportunità per studiare gli aspetti deboli degli attuali modelli di valutazione ambientale basati sull’analisi LCA, come ad esempio le emissioni locali e indoor, per le quali è stato proposto un framework di calcolo (per il comparto aria) sviluppato a partire dai metodi EcoIndicator99, USEtox e dal modello Gaussian Plume Modeling.

Life Cycle Assessment del processo di valorizzazione di rifiuti organici mediante l’utilizzo di insetti per l’ottenimento di bioplastiche / Rosangela Spinelli , 2020 Mar 05. 32. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2018/2019.

Life Cycle Assessment del processo di valorizzazione di rifiuti organici mediante l’utilizzo di insetti per l’ottenimento di bioplastiche

SPINELLI , ROSANGELA
2020

Abstract

The increasing in waste production is among the major concern in many areas around the world. A strict regulations in relation to its traceability, which prevents any alternative uses and carries considerable costs, and the increasing demand for renewable sources for production of energy, chemicals, fuels and materials, is leading to a strong demand for innovative technologies for the management and valorisation of waste, particularly for livestock manure and organic fractions of municipal waste. In the last years, alternative strategies for enhancing such waste materials have been proposed that include thermochemical approaches (for example pyrolysis and hydrothermal treatment), the use of less conventional energy sources such as microwaves, ultrasounds or energy mechanical, fermentation and microbial digestion together with additional bio-based strategies, among which bioconversion by insects is certainly one of the most promising techniques. Indeed conversion of organic waste biomasses into valuable biomolecules is a peculiar characteristic of several kinds of insects. Among these insects Hermetia illucens (Linneus 1758, better known as Black Soldier Fly - BSF) represents an excellent example, possessing several advantages with respect to other species. Black Soldier Fly is a non-pest fly (adults live for a few days only, they do not feed and do not transmit pathogens), whose larvae are able to process and to develop very quickly on different substrates, including agricultural by-products, livestock excrements and organic waste, significantly restraining bacterial growth and bad odours development. Despite environmental and human health issues or considerations, BSFs prepupae are good sources of lipids, proteins and chitin, which have been exploited in recent years in the production of biodiesel, feed and bioplastics. In this study poultry manure is exploited to breed BSFs prepupae which will be fractioned in a laboratory in order to purify the protein, lipid and chitin fraction. Starting from BSF proteins an appropriate mixture of components and additives was identified to obtain bioplastics functional to their use in agriculture. Particularly the aim of this work is the environmental assessment through LCA analysis of all of the different processes from BSFs breeding to the bioplastics production, by passing through the phase of isolation, characterization and extraction of protein, lipid and chitinous fraction. Although, the number of studies evaluating bioconversion of organic waste by insects (in particular by BSFs) has considerably grown during the recent years, only a few of them reported the application of LCA methodology, limitedly to the only bioconversion process, thus assessing the environmental impact associated with the production of BSF prepupae, and comparing it with more conventional feed sources. The present study, applying the LCA to a complex system, which starts from breeding up to the production of bioplastics, aims to experimentally analyze some methodological aspects that have not yet been studied in depth to date. The project is a challenge to be tackled with a Life Cycle Thinking approach, but it is also an opportunity to study the weak aspects of the current LCA-based environmental assessment models, for example the local and indoor emissions, for which, a calculation framework (for air compartment) was developed based on the EcoIndicator99 and USEtox methods and the model Gaussian Plume Modeling.
Life Cycle Assessment of the valorisation process of organic waste using insects to obtain bioplastics
5-mar-2020
FERRARI, Anna Maria
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