Stem cells and lung cancer : between advanced diagnostics and new therapeutics.

Lung cancers (LCs) remain a significant and devastating cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the very recent success of immunotherapy, the diagnosis and treatment of LC remain one of the greatest challenges in chest surgery, clinical oncology, and molecular medicine. A growing number of investigations on normal/cancer stem cells and cellular therapies are offering exciting new avenues to advance knowledge on LC. Here, we will be focusing on the multiple relationships between LC and stem cells accounting for cancer stem cell (CSC) diagnostics and progenitor-based therapeutics for LC. Cancer cell repopulation after chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy still represents a major factor limiting the efficacy of treatment since CSCs play critical roles during this process by reciprocal connections between CSCs and tumor microenvironment. This calls for new opportunities to integrate advanced CSC diagnostics and targeted approaches also based on immunotherapy. In addition, recent discoveries on malignant pleural and other LC highlight that mesenchymal stromal/stem cells may be a novel platform for drug delivery within still unexplored gene therapy strategies. This chapter will dissect these two apparently distant technologies within a unified stem-cell-based vision aimed at providing better diagnostics and therapeutics for LC at the forefront of modern clinical oncology.