Automated ultrafast kilovoltage–megavoltage cone-beam CT for image guided radiotherapy of lung cancer: System description and real-time results

Purpose: To establish a fully automated kV-MV CBCT imaging method on a clinical linear accelerator that allows image acquisition of thoracic targets for patient positioning within one breath-hold (∼15 s) under realistic clinical conditions. Methods and materials: Our previously developed FPGA-based hardware unit which allows synchronized kV-MV CBCT projection acquisition is connected to a clinical linear accelerator system via a multi-pin switch; i.e. either kV-MV imaging or conventional clinical mode can be selected. An application program was developed to control the relevant linac parameters automatically and to manage the MV detector readout as well as the gantry angle capture for each MV projection. The kV projections are acquired with the conventional CBCT system. GPU-accelerated filtered backprojection is performed separately for both data sets. After appropriate grayscale normalization both modalities are combined and the final kV-MV volume is re-imported in the CBCT system to enable image matching. To demonstrate adequate geometrical accuracy of the novel imaging system the Penta-Guide phantom QA procedure is performed. Furthermore, a human plastinate and different tumor shapes in a thorax phantom are scanned. Diameters of the known tumor shapes are measured in the kV-MV reconstruction. Results: An automated kV-MV CBCT workflow was successfully established in a clinical environment. The overall procedure, from starting the data acquisition until the reconstructed volume is available for registration, requires ∼90 s including 17 s acquisition time for 100° rotation. It is very simple and allows target positioning in the same way as for conventional CBCT. Registration accuracy of the QA phantom is within ±1 mm. The average deviation from the known tumor dimensions measured in the thorax phantom was 0.7 mm which corresponds to an improvement of 36% compared to our previous kV-MV imaging system. Conclusions: Due to automation the kV-MV CBCT workflow is speeded up by a factor of >10 compared to the manual approach. Thus, the system allows a simple, fast and reliable imaging procedure and fulfills all requirements to be successfully introduced into the clinical workflow now, enabling single-breath-hold volume imaging.