Gonadotropins beyond ART

Gonadotropins (LH, FSH and hCG) play a central role in controlling steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. For this reason, they are largely used in the treatment of infertility, especially in the setting of assisted reproductive technique. Beyond their important action in the regulation of reproduction, gona dotropins are also involved in other hormonal processes, closely interacting with other endocrine axes. Among them, the interaction between gonadal and thyroid axes is widely studied in the literature. There is evidence of an undeniable structural similarity of both hormones and receptors, maybe due to a common ancient origin. Indeed, altered levels of thyroid hormones could lead to different disorders of gonadal development and function throughout entire life, especially before and during pregnancy. Moreover, a complex interplay between insulin-like growth factors and gonadotropins has been described both at central and peripheral level. Finally, several tumors are able to produce gonadotropins or are regulated by them in their own growth. The role of gonadotropins in the regulation of cellular growth and apoptosis is evident by now, but still not fully understood.