Pitfalls in the diagnosis of meningitis in neonates and young infants: the role of lumbar puncture

Meningitis occurs frequently in neonates and can lead to a number of acute, severe complications and long-term disabilities. An early diagnosis of neonatal meningitis is essential to reduce mortality and to improve outcomes. Initial clinical signs of meningitis are often subtle and frequently overlap with those of sepsis, and current haematologic tests do not distinguish sepsis from meningitis. Thus, lumbar puncture remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of meningitis in infants, and this procedure is recommended in clinical guidelines. Nevertheless, in clinical practice, lumbar puncture is frequently deferred or omitted due to concerns regarding hypothetical adverse events or limited experience of the performer. Future studies should assess whether a combination of clinical findings and select haematological tests at disease onset can identify those neonates with the highest risk of meningitis who should undergo lumbar puncture. Furthermore, clinicians should be convinced that the actual benefits of an early diagnosis of meningitis far outweigh the hypothetical risks associated with lumbar puncture.