When emotions are expressed figuratively: Psycholinguistic and affective norms of 619 idioms for German (PANIG).

Despite flourishing research on the relationship between emotion and literal language, and the pervasiveness of figurative language in communication, the role of figurative language in conveying affect has been under-investigated. This study provides affective and psycholinguistic norms for 624 German idiomatic expressions and explores the relationships between affective and psycholinguistic idiom properties. German native speakers rated each idiom for emotional valence, arousal, familiarity, semantic transparency, figurativeness, and concreteness. They also specified the figurative meaning of each idiom, and rated how confident they were on the attributed idiom meaning. Results showed that idioms rated high in emotional valence were rated comparably high in arousal. Negative idioms were rated as more arousing than positive ones, in line with results on single words. Further, arousal correlated positively with figurativeness, supporting the idea that figurative expressions are more emotionally engaging than literal expressions; and with concreteness and semantic transparency. This suggests that idioms may convey a more direct reference to sensory representations mediated by the meaning of the words forming the idiom string. Arousal correlated positively with familiarity. In addition, positive idioms were rated as more familiar than negative idioms. Finally, idioms without a literal counterpart were rated as more emotionally valenced and arousing than idioms with a literal counterpart. Despite the fact that the idiomatic meaning of ambiguous idioms was reported in a less consistent way than that of unambiguous idioms, they were rated as more concrete than unambiguous idioms.. We also discuss the relationships between the psycholinguistic variables characterising idioms with reference to the literature on idiom structure and processing.