Slow-release fertilizers from liquid digestate: amount and speciation of the N leached in a laboratory column experiment

The inefficient management of fertilizers is dramatically impairing the soil, water, and atmosphere quality. Efficient alternative methodologies for granting adequate N availability to crops while reducing the nutrient losses in the environment are urgently needed. In this work, we present a column leaching experiment in which the amount and speciation of the N lost by different slowrelease fertilizers were investigated, in comparison to traditional fertilizers (urea and liquid digestate). The slow-release alternatives are produced by recovering N from liquid digestate and represented by NH4-enriched zeolite-rich tuff and struvite. Four treatments were tested consisting in sandy soil fertilized with urea, liquid digestate, NH4-enriched zeolite tuff and struvite. N amount and speciation was accounted in eight flushing events over 38 days (Total Kjeldahl N, Organic-N, NH4 +-N, NO3 --N, NO2 --N). Results showed that urea and liquid digestate fertilized columns lost the majority of N within the first 2 flushing events as organic N and NH4 +-N, respectively. On the contrary, struvite and NH4-enriched zeolite fertilized columns lost homogeneously fewer N and with a more balanced speciation over the entire experiment length. The mass balance outlined that, native soil N was mined in urea and liquid digestate treatments while in the soil fertilized with slow-release alternatives a fraction of N from the fertilizers was still present. These two slow-release alternatives thus representing a way to recycle N from liquid digestate and to use it more efficiently, minimizing N losses.