Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients affected by lymphoproliferative diseases. In the recent years, the introduction of new drugs, in particular those targeting Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), has allowed dramatic improvement in the prognosis of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other B-cell clonal disorders. Although these small molecules were initially considered less immunosuppressive than chemo-immunotherapy, an increasing number of reports have described the occurrence of unexpected opportunistic fungal infections, in particular invasive aspergillosis, in the first 6 months of treatment. BTK represents a crucial molecule in the transmission of signaling cascade from several immune receptors, such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, i.e. β-glucans, chitin and mannans), CD11b/CD18, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs), that allow the recognition of fungi by the innate arm of the immunity. However, the immunopathogenetic mechanisms underlying the development of IFDs in patients treated with BTK inhibitors are not fully elucidated, and multiple pathways might be involved. Our in vitro study, based on different immunological functional assays, aimed at characterize the specific off-target effects of BTK inhibitors on anti-mold innate immune response mediated by neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, as well as platelets, obtained from patients with B-cell neoplasms. Pharmacological inhibition of BTK reduced signaling pathways activated by Aspergillus fumigatus, determining an exacerbation of an immunosuppressive signature and a significant defect in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, either in neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes isolated from patients and healthy donors. In neutrophils, the inhibition of BTK significantly hampered the phagocytic activity (mean reduction of 51,6% and 37,6%, with two different BTK-inhibitors). Similarly, we found a remarkable reduction in the phagocytic function of CLL-associated macrophages (nurse-like cells, NLC), as well as of CD14+ circulating monocytes (either in CLL patients and healthy volunteers). Concordantly, secretion of TNF-α by NLC, assessed by cytokine secretion assay (CSA), was strongly induced by pulsing the cells with Aspergillus fumigatus conidia and was markedly reduced by two different drugs targeting BTK. Furthermore, we demonstrated, for the first time, that the exposure to BTK-inhibitors impairs several immune functions of platelets, i.e. activation (as indicated by the low levels of P-selectin expression), direct killing activity and ability to adhere to conidia. Hyphal damage test, performed on neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and platelets in the presence of pharmacological BTK-inhibition, documented a striking reduction of the anti-hyphal lytic activity in all aforementioned cell types, either in patients and healthy volunteers. Overall, these effects concur to a failure in completely counteracting conidia germination. Our results revealed specific modifications in the innate response in patients with B-cell neoplasms induced by the inhibition of the BTK pathway, underlying the importance of this targetable kinase as a “guardian” of the innate immunity.

Le infezioni fungine invasive rappresentano un'importante causa di morbilità e mortalità nei pazienti affetti da malattie linfoproliferative. Negli ultimi anni, l'introduzione di nuovi farmaci, in particolare gli inibitori della Bruton tirosin-chinasi (BTK), ha permesso di migliorare drasticamente la prognosi dei pazienti affetti da leucemia linfatica cronica (LLC) e da altri disordini clonali delle cellule B. Sebbene queste molecole fossero inizialmente considerate meno immunosoppressive rispetto alla classica chemio-immunoterapia, un numero crescente di segnalazioni hanno descritto l'insorgenza di infezioni fungine opportunistiche inattese, in particolare l'Aspergillosi invasiva, nei primi 6 mesi di trattamento. La BTK rappresenta una molecola cruciale nella trasmissione della cascata del segnale da diversi recettori, come i pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), cioè β-glucani, chitina e mannani, CD11b/CD18, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) e Toll-like receptors (TLR), che permettono il riconoscimento dei funghi da parte del braccio innato dell'immunità. Tuttavia, i meccanismi immunopatogenetici alla base dello sviluppo di infezioni fungine invasive in pazienti trattati con inibitori della BTK non sono stati ancora completamente delucidati. Il nostro studio, basato su diversi saggi funzionali immunologici in vitro, mira a caratterizzare gli effetti specifici degli inibitori della BTK sulla risposta immunitaria innata contro i funghi mediata da neutrofili, monociti, macrofagi e piastrine, ottenuti da pazienti con linfomi a cellule B. L'inibizione farmacologica della BTK si è associata a una ridotta trasmissione delle vie di segnale attivate da Aspergillus fumigatus, determinante un difetto significativo nella secrezione di citochine infiammatorie nei neutrofili, nei macrofagi e nei monociti, isolati da pazienti e donatori sani. Nei neutrofili, l'inibizione della BTK ha ridotto in modo significativo l'attività fagocitaria (decremento medio del 51,6% e del 37,6% con due diversi farmaci inibitori della BTK). Allo stesso modo, si è riscontrata una notevole riduzione della funzione fagocitaria dei macrofagi associati alla LLC (dette nurse-like cells, NLC), così come dei monociti circolanti CD14+ (sia nei pazienti affetti da LLC che nei volontari sani). Concordemente, la secrezione di TNF-α da parte delle NLC, valutata con il saggio di secrezione citochinica (cytokine secretion assay, CSA), è stata fortemente indotta dalla stimolazione con i conidi di Aspergillus fumigatus, mentre è risultata notevolmente soppressa da due diversi inibitori della BTK. Inoltre, per la prima volta, abbiamo dimostrato che l'esposizione agli inibitori della BTK compromette diverse funzioni immunitarie delle piastrine, quali l'attivazione (come indicato dai bassi livelli di espressione della P-selectina), l'attività di uccisione diretta e la capacità di aderire ai conidi. Il test di danno ifale (hyphal damage test), eseguito su neutrofili, monociti, macrofagi e piastrine in presenza di inibizione farmacologica della BTK, ha documentato una notevole riduzione dell'attività litica antimicotica in tutti i suddetti tipi di cellule, sia nei pazienti che nei volontari sani. Nel complesso, questi effetti concorrono all’inefficacia nel contrastare completamente la germinazione dei conidi. I nostri risultati hanno rivelato specifiche modifiche nella risposta innata indotte dall'inibizione della BTK in pazienti con neoplasie delle cellule B, dimostrando il ruolo di questa chinasi come "guardiano" dell'immunità innata.

Caratterizzazione degli specifici effetti off-target degli inibitori della Bruton tirosin-chinasi sull'immunità innata antifungina in pazienti con patologie linfoproliferative B: implicazioni diagnostiche e terapeutiche / Vincenzo Nasillo , 2021 Nov 18. 33. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2019/2020.

Caratterizzazione degli specifici effetti off-target degli inibitori della Bruton tirosin-chinasi sull'immunità innata antifungina in pazienti con patologie linfoproliferative B: implicazioni diagnostiche e terapeutiche

Nasillo, Vincenzo
2021

Abstract

Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients affected by lymphoproliferative diseases. In the recent years, the introduction of new drugs, in particular those targeting Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), has allowed dramatic improvement in the prognosis of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other B-cell clonal disorders. Although these small molecules were initially considered less immunosuppressive than chemo-immunotherapy, an increasing number of reports have described the occurrence of unexpected opportunistic fungal infections, in particular invasive aspergillosis, in the first 6 months of treatment. BTK represents a crucial molecule in the transmission of signaling cascade from several immune receptors, such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, i.e. β-glucans, chitin and mannans), CD11b/CD18, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs), that allow the recognition of fungi by the innate arm of the immunity. However, the immunopathogenetic mechanisms underlying the development of IFDs in patients treated with BTK inhibitors are not fully elucidated, and multiple pathways might be involved. Our in vitro study, based on different immunological functional assays, aimed at characterize the specific off-target effects of BTK inhibitors on anti-mold innate immune response mediated by neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, as well as platelets, obtained from patients with B-cell neoplasms. Pharmacological inhibition of BTK reduced signaling pathways activated by Aspergillus fumigatus, determining an exacerbation of an immunosuppressive signature and a significant defect in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, either in neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes isolated from patients and healthy donors. In neutrophils, the inhibition of BTK significantly hampered the phagocytic activity (mean reduction of 51,6% and 37,6%, with two different BTK-inhibitors). Similarly, we found a remarkable reduction in the phagocytic function of CLL-associated macrophages (nurse-like cells, NLC), as well as of CD14+ circulating monocytes (either in CLL patients and healthy volunteers). Concordantly, secretion of TNF-α by NLC, assessed by cytokine secretion assay (CSA), was strongly induced by pulsing the cells with Aspergillus fumigatus conidia and was markedly reduced by two different drugs targeting BTK. Furthermore, we demonstrated, for the first time, that the exposure to BTK-inhibitors impairs several immune functions of platelets, i.e. activation (as indicated by the low levels of P-selectin expression), direct killing activity and ability to adhere to conidia. Hyphal damage test, performed on neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and platelets in the presence of pharmacological BTK-inhibition, documented a striking reduction of the anti-hyphal lytic activity in all aforementioned cell types, either in patients and healthy volunteers. Overall, these effects concur to a failure in completely counteracting conidia germination. Our results revealed specific modifications in the innate response in patients with B-cell neoplasms induced by the inhibition of the BTK pathway, underlying the importance of this targetable kinase as a “guardian” of the innate immunity.
Characterization of specific off-target effects of BTK inhibitors on innate anti-mold immunity in patients with B-cell neoplasms: diagnostic and therapeutic implications
18-nov-2021
LUPPI, Mario
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