Skin tumors are divided into melanoma and non-melanoma. The non-melanoma type is the most frequent tumor in the world and in Brazil it corresponds to 30% of all the registered malignant tumors, while melanoma represents the skin tumor with the worst prognosis, as it is responsible for 95% of deaths due to its high metastatic potential. Early diagnosis and pre-surgical information useful for defining clinical features of melanoma are essential in order to treat early and effectively a patient with melanoma. In order to improve the diagnosis of skin tumors, the use of dermoscopy is widespread. Recently advanced non-invasive and high-resolution investigative methods, such as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), are increasingly entering clinical practice. However these methods are still of limited diffusion, especially in Brazil, where there is a high incidence of high thickness melanoma and consequently high mortality. The thesis aims to identify the specific features useful for the diagnosis of melanoma, using RCM, and biological aggression patterns, in particular by studying the vascular aspect in vivo with OCT. Finally, considering the clinical impact of using these methods in a proven clinical setting, a cost-effectiveness model will be built in order to evaluate the economic impact and the public health benefit that the introduction of these practices would result in the Brazilian health system. In the first part of the thesis we will discuss the results obtained through the study of melanoma with difficult diagnostic interpretation by RCM. This technology has made possible the identification of specific cellular and architectural patterns useful for the diagnosis of melanomas in the initial phase and of difficult interpretation. A summary of the main diagnostic criteria has also led to the identification of the fundamental criteria for the diagnosis of skin malignancy, making the use of the instrument easily transferable to non-expert medical personel. Subsequently the study of the skin and different skin tumors with OCT allowed the identification and classification of superficial microcirculation aspects responsible for the nourishment and cutaneous neoplastic growth. The identification of variable patterns within tumors of the same nature has suggested that the mass and speed of tumor growth are the factors that most influence the present vascular pattern. Finally, the vascular aspect in melanoma was studied, identifying changes in pattern related to the depth of invasion (Breslow index) suggesting how the vascular setting is a function of the biological aggressiveness of the tumor itself. Finally, the welfare organization in Brazil was considered where dermatoscopy is the main tool used to evaluate skin lesions suspicious of malignancy, although this technique is not evenly spread. The epidemiological data shows a large number of melanomas diagnosed in advanced stages and numerous benign lesions excised. In contrast, in Italy (Modena), where RCM is mainly applied as a second-level assessment in difficult lesions, the excision of benign lesions was reduced to 2/3 while the diagnosis of malignant lesions is increased especially for thin melanoma and in situ melanoma, leading to savings of 260,000 euros / 1 million inhabitants examined. Taking into account the differences between Brazil and Modena, the transferability of the Modena workflow to Brazil is proposed in order to improve diagnostic accuracy in detecting skin tumors and to reduce expenses with excisions of benign lesions and medical therapy for melanomas in advanced stages.

I tumori della cute sono suddivisi in melanoma e non melanoma. Non melanoma è il tumore più frequente al mondo ed in Brasile corrispondente al 30% di tutti i tumori maligni registrati, mentre il melanoma rappresenta quello con prognosi peggiore, in quanto responsabile del 95% dei decessi per il suo alto potenziale metastatico. La diagnosi precoce e informazioni pre-chirurgiche utili a definire caratteristiche cliniche del melanoma sono essenziali allo scopo di poter trattare precocemente ed efficacemente un paziente affetto. Allo scopo di migliorare la diagnosi dei tumori della cute è diffuso l’utilizzo della dermoscopia, mentre di recente stanno entrando sempre più nella pratica clinica metodiche avanzate di indagine non invasive ad alta risoluzione, quali microscopia confocale a riflettanza (RCM) e tomografia a coerenza ottica (OCT). Tuttavia queste metodiche sono ancora di diffusione limitata, soprattutto in Brasile, dove si registra un alto tasso di incidenza di melanoma ad alto spessore e di conseguenza elevata mortalità. La tesi si pone come obiettivo quello di identificare le caratteristiche specifiche per la diagnosi di melanoma, con RCM, e pattern di aggressività biologica, in particolare studiando l’aspetto vascolare in vivo con OCT. Infine, considderando l’impatto clinico dall’utilizzo di queste metodiche in un setting clinico comprovato, verrà costruito un modello di costo-efficacia allo scopo di valutare l’impatto economico ed il beneficio in termini di salute pubblica che l’introduzione di queste pratiche comporterebbe nel sistema di salute Brasiliano. Nella prima parte si discuteranno i risultati ottenuti attraverso lo studio di melanoma di difficile interpretazione diagnostica mediante RCM. Tale tecnologia ha consentito di individuare pattern specifici cellulari e architetturali utili alla diagnosi di melanomi in fase iniziale e di difficile interpretazione. Una sintesi dei principali criteri diagnostici ha inoltre portato alla individuazione dei criteri fondamentali per la diagnosi di malignità cutanea, rendendo l’uso dello strumento facilmente trasferibile a personale medico non esperto. Successivamente lo studio della cute e dei diversi tumori cutanei con OCT ha permesso di identificare e classificare gli aspetti di microcircolazione responsabili del nutrimento e della crescita neoplastica. L’individuazione di pattern variabili all’interno di tumori della medesima natura ha suggerito come la massa e la velocità di crescita del tumore siano i fattori che maggiormente influenzino il pattern vascolare presente. Infine si è stato studiato l’aspetto vascolare nel melanoma, identificando modificazioni di pattern correlate alla profondità di invasione (indice di Breslow) suggerendo come l’assetto vascolare sia in funzione della aggressività biologica del tumore. Infine è stata considerata la organizzazione assistenziale in Brasile dove la dermatoscopia rappresenta lo strumento principale per valutare le lesioni cutanee sospette, seppure non diffuso omogeneamente. Il dato epidemiologico mostra un gran numero di melanoma diagnosticato in stadi avanzati e numerose lesioni benigne escisse. Diversamente, in Italia (Modena), dove principalmente la RCM viene applicata come valutazione di secondo livello nelle lesioni difficili, l'escissione delle lesioni benigne è stata ridotta a 2/3 mentre la diagnosi delle lesioni maligne è aumentata soprattutto per il melanoma sottile e in situ, portando a un risparmio di 260.000 euro / 1 milione di abitanti esaminati. Tenendo conto delle differenze tra Brasile e Modena, si propone la trasferibilità del flusso di lavoro di Modena in Brasile al fine di migliorare l'accuratezza diagnostica e ridurre le spese con escissioni di lesioni benigne e terapia medica per i melanomi in stadi avanzati.

MELANOMA E TECNICHE DI IMMAGINE NON INVASIVE: STUDIO DELLA DINAMICA DEL TUMORE E STIMA DEI COSTI-EFFICACIA IN DUE SISTEMI SANITARI NAZIONALI / Nathalie Teixeira De Carvalho , 2020 Mar 19. 32. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2018/2019.

MELANOMA E TECNICHE DI IMMAGINE NON INVASIVE: STUDIO DELLA DINAMICA DEL TUMORE E STIMA DEI COSTI-EFFICACIA IN DUE SISTEMI SANITARI NAZIONALI

TEIXEIRA DE CARVALHO, NATHALIE
2020

Abstract

Skin tumors are divided into melanoma and non-melanoma. The non-melanoma type is the most frequent tumor in the world and in Brazil it corresponds to 30% of all the registered malignant tumors, while melanoma represents the skin tumor with the worst prognosis, as it is responsible for 95% of deaths due to its high metastatic potential. Early diagnosis and pre-surgical information useful for defining clinical features of melanoma are essential in order to treat early and effectively a patient with melanoma. In order to improve the diagnosis of skin tumors, the use of dermoscopy is widespread. Recently advanced non-invasive and high-resolution investigative methods, such as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), are increasingly entering clinical practice. However these methods are still of limited diffusion, especially in Brazil, where there is a high incidence of high thickness melanoma and consequently high mortality. The thesis aims to identify the specific features useful for the diagnosis of melanoma, using RCM, and biological aggression patterns, in particular by studying the vascular aspect in vivo with OCT. Finally, considering the clinical impact of using these methods in a proven clinical setting, a cost-effectiveness model will be built in order to evaluate the economic impact and the public health benefit that the introduction of these practices would result in the Brazilian health system. In the first part of the thesis we will discuss the results obtained through the study of melanoma with difficult diagnostic interpretation by RCM. This technology has made possible the identification of specific cellular and architectural patterns useful for the diagnosis of melanomas in the initial phase and of difficult interpretation. A summary of the main diagnostic criteria has also led to the identification of the fundamental criteria for the diagnosis of skin malignancy, making the use of the instrument easily transferable to non-expert medical personel. Subsequently the study of the skin and different skin tumors with OCT allowed the identification and classification of superficial microcirculation aspects responsible for the nourishment and cutaneous neoplastic growth. The identification of variable patterns within tumors of the same nature has suggested that the mass and speed of tumor growth are the factors that most influence the present vascular pattern. Finally, the vascular aspect in melanoma was studied, identifying changes in pattern related to the depth of invasion (Breslow index) suggesting how the vascular setting is a function of the biological aggressiveness of the tumor itself. Finally, the welfare organization in Brazil was considered where dermatoscopy is the main tool used to evaluate skin lesions suspicious of malignancy, although this technique is not evenly spread. The epidemiological data shows a large number of melanomas diagnosed in advanced stages and numerous benign lesions excised. In contrast, in Italy (Modena), where RCM is mainly applied as a second-level assessment in difficult lesions, the excision of benign lesions was reduced to 2/3 while the diagnosis of malignant lesions is increased especially for thin melanoma and in situ melanoma, leading to savings of 260,000 euros / 1 million inhabitants examined. Taking into account the differences between Brazil and Modena, the transferability of the Modena workflow to Brazil is proposed in order to improve diagnostic accuracy in detecting skin tumors and to reduce expenses with excisions of benign lesions and medical therapy for melanomas in advanced stages.
MELANOMA AND NON-INVASIVE IMAGING TECHNIQUES: STUDY OF TUMOR DYNAMICS AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS ESTIMATION IN TWO NATIONAL HEALTH SYSTEMS
19-mar-2020
PELLACANI, Giovanni
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