The central challenge of modern genetic analysis is to understand the biological determinants of quantitative phenotypic variation. The power of wholegenome sequencing as a unifying force in biology has motivated the development of diversity panels and large mapping populations in many crop species to facilitate trait dissection and gene discovery. More accurate and precise phenotyping strategies are necessary to empower high-resolution linkage mapping and genome-wide association studies and for training genomic selection models in plant improvement. Unfortunately, phenotyping under field environmental conditions remains a bottleneck for future breeding advances, limiting the power of genetic analysis and genomic prediction. Field conditions are notoriously heterogeneous and the inability to control environmental factors makes results difficult to interpret. One of the solution is to employ Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) commonly known as a drone. Compared with other aerial survey methods, drones generate more precise and more frequent data about the condition of crops. The goal of the research program is to achieve a high-throughput phenotyping platforms based on the use of drone useful for obtaining detailed measurements of plant characteristics that collectively provide reliable estimates of phenotypic traits. In order to carry out the Ph.D. project, in Foggia, at the experimental company of the CREA Research Centre for Cereal and industrial Crops (CREA-CI), I set up two experimental devices, an agronomic trial and a varietal comparison; Agronomic trial: The experimental device was composed by on a randomized blocks with three factors and three repetitions scheme. The factors considered were two Variety; two different Sowing density and five nitrogen fertilization levels. During the three growing seasons, post-emergence chemical pest control was carried out and also a fungicide treatment for disease control. Various fertilization theses were differentiated by administering nitrogen in four different phenological stages. During the agricultural years, the following measurements were carried out: soil cover index, heading time, number of spikes per linear meter, multispectral and RGB assessments by UAV system. In addition to the plot yeald, the grain quality parameters were evaluated. The crop response in terms of production and grain quality it is evident considering all the measured factors. The vegetation indices derived from the multispectral and RGB evaluation also show a good correlation with morphological parameters found on the soil, particularly with the soil's cover capacity. Variety comparison trial: For the preparation of the second trial 200 genotypes of durum wheat of different origin and provenance have been used. The genotypes were grown in parcels of one square meter according to a randomized block plan with 3 repetitions. The trial was sown with a seed drill, two fertilizers were made, one on sowing and one in the tillering phase. During the growing seasons, the post-emergence chemical disinfection for weed control and fungicide treatment for disease control was performed. During the three crop seasons, the following reliefs were taken: acquisition of RGB and multi spectral images; morphological assessments and qualitative analyzes on grains. The analysis of RGB images, indicative of the genotypes ability to cover the ground more or less rapidly, shows a high degree of variability and a good discriminatory ability of the used indices(covering capacity, green index, NDVI, etc.) between the tested genotypes. The analysis confirm the usefulness of automated equipment for the determination of morpho-physiological characters in order to facilitate and make the breeder's evaluation more and more objective.

La sfida centrale dell’analisi genetica moderna è comprendere i determinanti biologici della variazione fenotipica quantitativa. Sono necessarie strategie di fenotipizzazione più accurate e precise per potenziare la descrizione della mappa genetica e gli studi di associazione genomica per allestire modelli di selezione genomica per il miglioramento delle piante. Sfortunatamente, la fenotipizzazione sta rapidamente emergendo come il principale collo di bottiglia operativo che limita il potere dell’analisi genetica e della previsione genomica. Le condizioni sul campo sono notoriamente eterogenee e l'incapacità di controllare i fattori ambientali rende i risultati difficili da interpretare. Una delle soluzioni è quella di impiegare un veicolo aereo senza pilota (UAV) comunemente noto come drone. L'obiettivo del programma di ricerca è quello di realizzare piattaforme di fenotipizzazione ad alto rendimento basate sull'uso di droni utili per ottenere misurazioni dettagliate delle caratteristiche delle piante che forniscano collettivamente stime affidabili dei tratti fenotipici. Al fine di svolgere il progetto di dottorato di ricerca., a Foggia, presso il Centro Sperimentale di Ricerca sui Cereali e le Colture Industriali (CREA-CI), ho allestito due prove sperimentali, una sperimentazione agronomica e un confronto varietale; Prova agronomica: la prova è composta da un blocco randomizzato con tre fattori e tre ripetizioni. I fattori considerati sono due varietà; due diverse densità di semina e cinque livelli di concimazione azotata. Durante le tre annate agrarie, sono stati effettuati trattamenti chimici per il controllo delle infestanti e anche trattamenti fungicida per il controllo delle malattie. Le tesi di concimazione sono state differenziate somministrando azoto in quattro diverse fasi fenologiche. Durante le annate agrarie, sono state eseguite le seguenti misurazioni: indice di copertura del suolo, data di spigatura, numero di spighe per metro lineare, valutazioni multispettrali e RGB con sistema UAV. Oltre alla resa, sono stati valutati alcuni parametri qualitativi della granella. La risposta del raccolto in termini di produzione e qualità del grano è evidente considerando tutti i fattori misurati. Gli indici di vegetazione derivati dalla valutazione multispettrale e RGB mostrano anche una buona correlazione con i parametri morfologici rilevati al suolo, in particolare con la capacità di copertura del suolo. Prova comparazione varietale: per l'allestimento della seconda prova sono stati utilizzati 200 genotipi di grano duro di diversa origine e provenienza. I genotipi sono stati coltivati in parcelle di un metro quadrato secondo un piano a blocchi randomizzato con 3 ripetizioni. La prova è stata seminata con una seminatrice parcellare, sono state realizzate due concimazioni, una alla semina e una nella fase di accestimento. Durante le stagioni di crescita, è stato eseguito un trattamento chimico post-emergenza per il controllo delle infestanti e il trattamento fungicida per il controllo delle malattie. Durante le tre annate agrarie, sono stati eseguiti i seguenti rilievi: acquisizione di immagini RGB e multi spettrali; valutazioni morfologiche e analisi qualitative sui cereali. L'analisi delle immagini RGB, indicativa della capacità dei genotipi di coprire il terreno più o meno rapidamente, mostra un elevato grado di variabilità e una buona capacità discriminatoria degli indici utilizzati (capacità di copertura, indice verde, NDVI, ecc.) tra i genotipi testati. L'analisi conferma l'utilità delle apparecchiature automatizzate per la determinazione dei caratteri morfofisiologici al fine di facilitare e rendere sempre più obiettiva la valutazione del breeder.

Sviluppo di un sistema di fenotipizzazione ad alto rendimento per l'innovazione del breeding del grano duro nelle aree Mediterranee / Ivano Pecorella , 2020 Mar 19. 32. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2018/2019.

Sviluppo di un sistema di fenotipizzazione ad alto rendimento per l'innovazione del breeding del grano duro nelle aree Mediterranee

PECORELLA, IVANO
2020

Abstract

The central challenge of modern genetic analysis is to understand the biological determinants of quantitative phenotypic variation. The power of wholegenome sequencing as a unifying force in biology has motivated the development of diversity panels and large mapping populations in many crop species to facilitate trait dissection and gene discovery. More accurate and precise phenotyping strategies are necessary to empower high-resolution linkage mapping and genome-wide association studies and for training genomic selection models in plant improvement. Unfortunately, phenotyping under field environmental conditions remains a bottleneck for future breeding advances, limiting the power of genetic analysis and genomic prediction. Field conditions are notoriously heterogeneous and the inability to control environmental factors makes results difficult to interpret. One of the solution is to employ Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) commonly known as a drone. Compared with other aerial survey methods, drones generate more precise and more frequent data about the condition of crops. The goal of the research program is to achieve a high-throughput phenotyping platforms based on the use of drone useful for obtaining detailed measurements of plant characteristics that collectively provide reliable estimates of phenotypic traits. In order to carry out the Ph.D. project, in Foggia, at the experimental company of the CREA Research Centre for Cereal and industrial Crops (CREA-CI), I set up two experimental devices, an agronomic trial and a varietal comparison; Agronomic trial: The experimental device was composed by on a randomized blocks with three factors and three repetitions scheme. The factors considered were two Variety; two different Sowing density and five nitrogen fertilization levels. During the three growing seasons, post-emergence chemical pest control was carried out and also a fungicide treatment for disease control. Various fertilization theses were differentiated by administering nitrogen in four different phenological stages. During the agricultural years, the following measurements were carried out: soil cover index, heading time, number of spikes per linear meter, multispectral and RGB assessments by UAV system. In addition to the plot yeald, the grain quality parameters were evaluated. The crop response in terms of production and grain quality it is evident considering all the measured factors. The vegetation indices derived from the multispectral and RGB evaluation also show a good correlation with morphological parameters found on the soil, particularly with the soil's cover capacity. Variety comparison trial: For the preparation of the second trial 200 genotypes of durum wheat of different origin and provenance have been used. The genotypes were grown in parcels of one square meter according to a randomized block plan with 3 repetitions. The trial was sown with a seed drill, two fertilizers were made, one on sowing and one in the tillering phase. During the growing seasons, the post-emergence chemical disinfection for weed control and fungicide treatment for disease control was performed. During the three crop seasons, the following reliefs were taken: acquisition of RGB and multi spectral images; morphological assessments and qualitative analyzes on grains. The analysis of RGB images, indicative of the genotypes ability to cover the ground more or less rapidly, shows a high degree of variability and a good discriminatory ability of the used indices(covering capacity, green index, NDVI, etc.) between the tested genotypes. The analysis confirm the usefulness of automated equipment for the determination of morpho-physiological characters in order to facilitate and make the breeder's evaluation more and more objective.
Development of a high throughput plant phenotyping system for innovating durum wheat breeding in the Mediterranean
19-mar-2020
PECCHIONI, Nicola
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