The Italian production of vinegars has recently been involved in a regulatory revision that has identified, alongside the industrial production, the so-called "static fermentation and long-maturation" vinegars, also known as "artisanal vinegars". The recognition of this latter category reflects the radical differences in which the production of vinegars is divided. On the one hand the industrial production, which interfaces mainly with production yield issues; on the other hand the artisanal production which, carried out in low-tech contexts, is characterized by longer time for obtaining products, respect to the industrial production.
However, the production of artisanal vinegars, despite having strong production limits, shows wide margins of innovation and the market is becoming more and more multi-segmented and specialized where the consumer are constantly participating in the value chain becoming co-creator of value (service and products).
In this industrial doctorate project, born from the needs of the San Giacomo Company, starting from an analysis of the products / processes consolidated by the Company, the following topics were developed:
- a kit and a working procedure for the production of vinegar by not specialized users. To obtain the kit, consisting of devices for the production, monitoring and starter cultures of acetic acid bacteria, experiments were carried out testing raw materials in different fermentation conditions. The results demonstrated the feasibility of processes starting from raw materials having a variable composition.
- Subsequently, cheese whey, the main waste of the dairy industry, was considered for the production of vinegar / beverages with health and environmental sustainability attributes. Cheese whey was tested in combination with kombucha tea and kefir to obtain non-alcoholic and low-acid drinks. The approach used in this study represents a highly promising strategy for obtaining non-alcoholic fermented beverages.
 Starting from the consideration that vinegar and rice beverages are widely consumed in Asian countries, thanks to their healthy connotations, in this work rice syrup was identified as fermentable raw material for the production of new vinegars / condiments. From starter cultures developed at laboratory scale and tested at a prototype scale, vinegars of different composition were obtained, which can be optimized as finished products or ingredients for the production of condiments.
- A study was carried out on bacterial cellulose due to its contradictory role in vinegar production. It represents an undesired product of acetic acid fermentation conducted with mixed cultures, since it leads a decrease in acetic acid and not appreciated sensory characteristics of vinegar. However, in some emerging products, the presence of bacterial cellulose is considered a positive attribute. Furthermore, the bacterial cellulose is considered an interesting biopolymer by the biotechnology industry due to the wide application possibilities in the food and medical fields. On the bases of these observation, the ability to produce cellulose by an acetic acid bacterium strain was tested, buy cultivation in the presence of different carbon sources and the genome sequencing was conducted. The results showed that the strain is highly versatile in the production of cellulose and is a good candidate for industrial uses.
The results presented in this thesis work prove that the artisanal production of vinegar has high margins of innovation. These innovations are mainly linked to the fermentation phases which, using mixed or selected bacterial cultures, allow both to adopt different procedures and diversify the products, enlarging the market offer.

La produzione italiana di aceti è stata recentemente interessata da una revisione normativa che ha identificato, a fianco della produzione industriale, i cosiddetti aceti “da fermentazione statica e lunga maturazione”, conosciuti anche come “artigianali”. Il riconoscimento di questa categoria rispecchia le radicali differenze in cuidal punto di vista del processi coinvolti la produzione di aceti si divide in due segmenti ben distinti. La produzione di aceto artigianale pur presentando forti limiti di produzione, mostra ampi margini di innovazione, soprattutto nell’ottica di una forte segmentazione di mercato che vede il consumatore finale entrare sempre di più nella co-creazione del valore potendo diventare esso stesso produttore se dotato della procedure e dei mezzi idonei. In questo progetto di dottorato industriale, nato dalle esigenze dell’Azienda San Giacomo, partendo da un’analisi dei prodotti/processi consolidati dall’Azienda, sono stati sviluppate le tematiche di seguito riportate: - È stato sviluppato un kit ed una procedura di lavoro per la produzione di aceto da parte di utenti non specializzati. Per l’ottenimento del kit, costituito da dispositivi per la produzione, monitoraggio e colture starter di batteri acetici, sono stati effettuati esperimenti per testare materie prime in differenti condizioni di fermentazione. I risultati hanno dimostrato la fattibilità di processi a partire da materie prime a composizione variabile. - Successivamente è stato considerato il siero di latte, principale scarto dell’industria casearia, per la produzione di aceto/bevande con carattere salutistico e di ecosostenibilità. Il siero di latte è stato testato in combinazione con kombucha tea e kefir per ottenere bevande non alcoliche e a bassa acidità. L’approccio impiegato rappresenta una strategia altamente promettente per l’ottenimento di bevande fermentate non alcoliche. Partendo dalla considerazione che l’aceto e le bevande di riso sono ampiamente consumati nei paesi asiatici grazie alla loro connotazione salutistica,e che il settore della ristorazione è particolarmente ricettivo rispetto ad aceti diversi da quelli ottenuti dal vino, con basso tenore di acidità, in questo lavoro si è individuato lo sciroppo di riso come materia prima fermentescibile per la produzione di nuovi aceti/condimenti. Dalle colture starter, isolate in azienda, sviluppate su scala di laboratorio e testate in scala prototipale, sono stati ottenuti aceti a diversa composizione che possono essere ottimizzati come prodotti finiti o ingredienti per la produzione di condimenti. - È stato effettuato uno studio sulla cellulosa batterica per poichè in alcuni prodotti artigianali emergenti, la presenza di cellulosa batterica è considerata un attributo positivo. Inoltre la cellulosa batterica richiama un forte interesse da parte dell’industria biotecnologica per le ampie possibilità di applicazione in campo alimentare e medico. Sulla base di tali premesse, è stata valutata la capacità di produzione di cellulosa da parte di un batterio acetico, sottoposto a coltivazione in presenza di diverse fonti di carbonio ed è stato condotto il sequenziamento del genoma. I risultati hanno mostrato che il ceppo è altamente versatile nella produzione di cellulosa e risulta un buon candidato per usi industriali. I risultati presentati in questo lavoro di tesi provano che la produzione artigianale di aceto “artigianale” presenta alti margini di innovazione. Tali innovazioni sono principalmente legate alle fasi di fermentazione che condotte con colture miste o colture selezionate permettono da un lato di adottare procedure differenti dall’altro di diversificare i prodotti.

Processi e prodotti innovativi di acetificazione sviluppati dall'azienda Acetaia San Giacomo / Andrea Bezzecchi , 2020 Mar 19. 32. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2018/2019.

Processi e prodotti innovativi di acetificazione sviluppati dall'azienda Acetaia San Giacomo

BEZZECCHI, ANDREA
2020

Abstract

The Italian production of vinegars has recently been involved in a regulatory revision that has identified, alongside the industrial production, the so-called "static fermentation and long-maturation" vinegars, also known as "artisanal vinegars". The recognition of this latter category reflects the radical differences in which the production of vinegars is divided. On the one hand the industrial production, which interfaces mainly with production yield issues; on the other hand the artisanal production which, carried out in low-tech contexts, is characterized by longer time for obtaining products, respect to the industrial production.
However, the production of artisanal vinegars, despite having strong production limits, shows wide margins of innovation and the market is becoming more and more multi-segmented and specialized where the consumer are constantly participating in the value chain becoming co-creator of value (service and products).
In this industrial doctorate project, born from the needs of the San Giacomo Company, starting from an analysis of the products / processes consolidated by the Company, the following topics were developed:
- a kit and a working procedure for the production of vinegar by not specialized users. To obtain the kit, consisting of devices for the production, monitoring and starter cultures of acetic acid bacteria, experiments were carried out testing raw materials in different fermentation conditions. The results demonstrated the feasibility of processes starting from raw materials having a variable composition.
- Subsequently, cheese whey, the main waste of the dairy industry, was considered for the production of vinegar / beverages with health and environmental sustainability attributes. Cheese whey was tested in combination with kombucha tea and kefir to obtain non-alcoholic and low-acid drinks. The approach used in this study represents a highly promising strategy for obtaining non-alcoholic fermented beverages.
 Starting from the consideration that vinegar and rice beverages are widely consumed in Asian countries, thanks to their healthy connotations, in this work rice syrup was identified as fermentable raw material for the production of new vinegars / condiments. From starter cultures developed at laboratory scale and tested at a prototype scale, vinegars of different composition were obtained, which can be optimized as finished products or ingredients for the production of condiments.
- A study was carried out on bacterial cellulose due to its contradictory role in vinegar production. It represents an undesired product of acetic acid fermentation conducted with mixed cultures, since it leads a decrease in acetic acid and not appreciated sensory characteristics of vinegar. However, in some emerging products, the presence of bacterial cellulose is considered a positive attribute. Furthermore, the bacterial cellulose is considered an interesting biopolymer by the biotechnology industry due to the wide application possibilities in the food and medical fields. On the bases of these observation, the ability to produce cellulose by an acetic acid bacterium strain was tested, buy cultivation in the presence of different carbon sources and the genome sequencing was conducted. The results showed that the strain is highly versatile in the production of cellulose and is a good candidate for industrial uses.
The results presented in this thesis work prove that the artisanal production of vinegar has high margins of innovation. These innovations are mainly linked to the fermentation phases which, using mixed or selected bacterial cultures, allow both to adopt different procedures and diversify the products, enlarging the market offer.
Innovative acetification processes and products developed at Acetaia San Giacomo company
19-mar-2020
GULLO, Maria
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