Human thymidylate synthase (hTS) is a homodimeric enzyme and a renewed anti-cancer target. X-ray crystallography studies demonstrated the existence of two different conformers; catalytic activity is exclusive to di-active dimers. Di-inactive dimers tend to disassociate into monomers which are regarded to inhibit transcription binding its own mRNA via a negative feedback process. And through unknown structural changes, both conformers are at equilibrium in solution. Notwithstanding, molecular effectors can induce the switch to a specific conformer: sulfates and phosphates ions to the inactive conformer, 2’- deoxyuridine – 5’ – monophosphate (dUMP) to the active one. Current pharmacological treatments base their activity on miming substrates’ structure, binding to the catalytic site. The main drawback of this approach is protein overexpression, leading to unwanted pharmacoresistance. Such an issue sparks the need for new approaches. A successful one based on peptidic inhibitors binding at a protein – protein interface, as the “LR” peptide. The main aim of the thesis was to present the importance of different inhibitory approaches to solve pharmacoresistance and the enrichment in knowledge derived by structural studies of the target. The first step was to express – E. coli BL21(DE3) cells + pQE80L plasmid – and purify – affinity chromatography – the hTS wildtype (hTSwt) and its mutants (K47A, F59A, W182A). Functionality of all purified proteins followed through and has been assessed via spectrophotometry – based kinetic assay. The choice of the purification buffer depended on the experiment: phosphate – free for structure delving; phosphate – based for enzymatic assays. Structure – based data comes from Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and Spectrofluorometry techniques. The former was employed to explore any thermodynamic change due to binding or structural rearrangement; the latter to follow Trp – Tyr emission properties changes. Spectroscopy based enzymatic assays have been carried out to test peptidic inhibitors derived from the proline mutation of LR. Enzyme conjugation with fluorescein and tetramethylrhodamine maleimide was performed, attempting to obtain 1:2:1 (F-TS-T) molar ratio. Such a product was used in FRET - Förster Resonance Energy Transfer – based experiments to quantitatively define the equilibrium between the monomeric and the dimeric assemblies in the presence of candidate dissociative inhibitors. WT and mutants were successfully purified in their respective buffers. Km and Kcat values are comparable between the two buffers. Fluorescence data indicate comparable Trp – Tyr behaviors in hTSwt with increased concentrations of both phosphate and sulfate ions; moreover, spectrum shape may underline more data than at a glance. Proline mutated LR peptides shown 24-56% inhibition; [Pro2]LR the most active. Conjugation was successfully achieved, with a molar ratio close to 1:2:1. Fluorescence anisotropy data of the enzyme – inhibitor interaction is still under evaluation, yet indicating a decrease in the observable, thus under further analysis. During my six months period abroad, two bladder carcinoma lines (5637, RT112) have been employed in testing a methotrexate – like photosensitive molecule. Such an assessment was carried out through MTS assay and treated / control cell survival ratio. Preliminary data from show comparable activity between the photosensitive molecule and methotrexate, albeit with an increased sensibility from the former rather than the latter. The data presented in the thesis poses as a spark to ignite further discussion and experiments. Thermodynamic techniques may find fertile ground in such sense, quantifying the energy footprint in molecules’ binding and structural changes.

La timidilato sintasi umana (hTS) è un enzima omodimerico ed un noto bersaglio antitumorale. La cristallografia a raggi X ha dimostrato l’esistenza di due conformeri, di cui uno cataliticamente attivo. Questa è di sola pertinenza del dimero diattivo; i di-inattivi tendono a disassociarsi. I monomeri, in un meccanismo di inibizione a feedback negativo, sembrano legare il proprio mRNA, inibendo la trascrizione. In soluzione, i conformeri raggiungono l’equilibrio; i meccanismi dell’intercambio non risultano chiari. Alcuni effettori molecolari sono tuttavia in grado di favorire un conformero: ioni solfato e fosfato quello inattivo, 2’ – deossiuridina – 5’ – monofosfato (dUMP) quello attivo. La farmacologia csi basa sulla competizione al sito catalitico. Questo, tuttavia, porta all’overespressione della proteina, quindi alla farmacoresistenza. Questo ha richiesto la ricerca di nuove soluzioni inibitorie: tra queste, una basata su inibitori peptidici capaci di legarsi all’interfaccia proteina – proteina, ha permesso lo sviluppo degli “LR”. Obiettivo principale di questa tesi era presentare l’importanza di approcci inibitori differenti per fronteggiare la farmacoresistenza, sottolineando il contributo in tal senso fornito dagli studi strutturali sul bersaglio. Si è partiti dall’espressione – E. coli BL21(DE3) + pQE80L – e purificazione – cromatografia per affinità – della hTS wild type (hTSwt) e dei suoi mutanti (K47A, F59A, W182A). La funzionalità di tutte le proteine purificate è stata testata mediante saggi cinetici in spettrofotometria. La scelta del buffer di purificazione è dipesa dall’esperimento: senza fosfati per studi strutturali; a base di fosfati per i saggi enzimatici. I dati strutturali derivano da Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) e tecniche di spettrofluorimetria. La prima è stata adoperata per esplorare cambiamenti termodinamici dovuti a legami o modifiche strutturali; la seconda per evidenziare variazioni degli spettri di emissione di Trp – Tyr. L’analisi dell’inibizione di hTSwt con i derivati in prolina di LR è stata eseguita mediante saggi enzimatici su base spettrofotometrica. La coniugazione enzimatica con fluoresceina e tetrametilrodammina maleimmide è stata eseguita, tentando di ottenere un rapporto molare 1:2:1 (F-TS-T). Il prodotto è stato adoperato per esperimenti di FRET - Förster Resonance Energy Transfer – per definire quantitativamente l’equilibrio tra gli insiemi mono- e dimerici in presenza di candidati inibitori dissociativi. hTSwt ed i mutanti sono stati purificati con successo nei relativi buffer. I valori di Km e Kcat ottenuti nei due buffer risultano comparabili. I dati di fluorescenza Trp – Tyr in hTSwt, all’aumentare della concentrazione di ioni solfato e fosfato risultano anch’essi comparabili; la forma dello spettro di emissione potrebbe fornire ulteriori informazioni. Gli LR mutati in prolina hanno inibizioni comprese tra il 24 ed il 56%; [Pro2]LR risulta il più attivo. La coniugazione è stata eseguita con successo, con rapporti molari vicini ad 1:2:1. I dati di anisotropia di fluorescenza dell’interazione enzima – inibitore sembrano indicare una diminuzione dell’osservabile, quindi sotto ulteriore scrutinio. Durante i 6 mesi all’estero ho adoperato due linee di carcinoma della vescica (5637 ed RT112) per testare una molecola fotosensibile basata sul metotrexato. Dati preliminari mostrano attività comparabili tra le due molecole, sebbene con una maggiore sensibilità nel caso delle cellule 5637. I dati presentati in questa tesi si pongono come scintilla per future discussioni ed esperimenti. In questo contesto, le tecniche termodinamiche possono trovare terreno fertile, permettendo la quantificazione delle impronte energetiche dovute ai legami tra molecole ed i loro cambiamenti strutturali.

Approcci non convenzionali agli enzimi del ciclo dei folati: intercambio attivo - inattivo della timidilato sintasi, suo equilibrio e fotoattivazione di un "device" molecolare "methotrexate - like" / Simone Vitiello , 2020 Mar 19. 32. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2018/2019.

Approcci non convenzionali agli enzimi del ciclo dei folati: intercambio attivo - inattivo della timidilato sintasi, suo equilibrio e fotoattivazione di un "device" molecolare "methotrexate - like"

VITIELLO, SIMONE
2020

Abstract

Human thymidylate synthase (hTS) is a homodimeric enzyme and a renewed anti-cancer target. X-ray crystallography studies demonstrated the existence of two different conformers; catalytic activity is exclusive to di-active dimers. Di-inactive dimers tend to disassociate into monomers which are regarded to inhibit transcription binding its own mRNA via a negative feedback process. And through unknown structural changes, both conformers are at equilibrium in solution. Notwithstanding, molecular effectors can induce the switch to a specific conformer: sulfates and phosphates ions to the inactive conformer, 2’- deoxyuridine – 5’ – monophosphate (dUMP) to the active one. Current pharmacological treatments base their activity on miming substrates’ structure, binding to the catalytic site. The main drawback of this approach is protein overexpression, leading to unwanted pharmacoresistance. Such an issue sparks the need for new approaches. A successful one based on peptidic inhibitors binding at a protein – protein interface, as the “LR” peptide. The main aim of the thesis was to present the importance of different inhibitory approaches to solve pharmacoresistance and the enrichment in knowledge derived by structural studies of the target. The first step was to express – E. coli BL21(DE3) cells + pQE80L plasmid – and purify – affinity chromatography – the hTS wildtype (hTSwt) and its mutants (K47A, F59A, W182A). Functionality of all purified proteins followed through and has been assessed via spectrophotometry – based kinetic assay. The choice of the purification buffer depended on the experiment: phosphate – free for structure delving; phosphate – based for enzymatic assays. Structure – based data comes from Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and Spectrofluorometry techniques. The former was employed to explore any thermodynamic change due to binding or structural rearrangement; the latter to follow Trp – Tyr emission properties changes. Spectroscopy based enzymatic assays have been carried out to test peptidic inhibitors derived from the proline mutation of LR. Enzyme conjugation with fluorescein and tetramethylrhodamine maleimide was performed, attempting to obtain 1:2:1 (F-TS-T) molar ratio. Such a product was used in FRET - Förster Resonance Energy Transfer – based experiments to quantitatively define the equilibrium between the monomeric and the dimeric assemblies in the presence of candidate dissociative inhibitors. WT and mutants were successfully purified in their respective buffers. Km and Kcat values are comparable between the two buffers. Fluorescence data indicate comparable Trp – Tyr behaviors in hTSwt with increased concentrations of both phosphate and sulfate ions; moreover, spectrum shape may underline more data than at a glance. Proline mutated LR peptides shown 24-56% inhibition; [Pro2]LR the most active. Conjugation was successfully achieved, with a molar ratio close to 1:2:1. Fluorescence anisotropy data of the enzyme – inhibitor interaction is still under evaluation, yet indicating a decrease in the observable, thus under further analysis. During my six months period abroad, two bladder carcinoma lines (5637, RT112) have been employed in testing a methotrexate – like photosensitive molecule. Such an assessment was carried out through MTS assay and treated / control cell survival ratio. Preliminary data from show comparable activity between the photosensitive molecule and methotrexate, albeit with an increased sensibility from the former rather than the latter. The data presented in the thesis poses as a spark to ignite further discussion and experiments. Thermodynamic techniques may find fertile ground in such sense, quantifying the energy footprint in molecules’ binding and structural changes.
Targeting folate-pathway enzymes with unconventional approaches: switching of the active/inactive conformational equilibrium of human thymidylate synthase and photoactivation of a methotrexate-like cytotoxic molecular device
19-mar-2020
PONTERINI, Glauco
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1201023
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