Urethral reconstruction has received growing attention in recent years due to pathologies such as hypospadias, a very common congenital male genitalia malformation with a European prevalence of around 18.6 new cases per 10,000 births, and a very high urethral stricture recurrence rate after treatment. Unfortunately, the current care standard to repair hypospadias expects a high long-term complication rate requiring repeated surgery in approximately half of the patients. Various surgical techniques have been developed to obtain the best risk-to-benefit ratio, and one of them operates using a split-thickness autologous oral mucosa grafts for urethral plate substitution. However, this procedure adds other complications at donor site such as pain, persistent difficulty in mouth opening, and infections. Tissue engineering and epithelial stem cell culture can further improve hypospadias surgery, reducing invasiveness and morbidity, and overcoming issues such as customizable graft size lack and only two tissue withdrawal chances. Indeed, large tissue amounts can be obtained from few stem cells deriving from a small biopsy for damaged or lost tissue repair and regeneration, supporting wound healing, limiting inflammatory reactions, and decreasing post-operative complications. Therefore, this study explores the feasibility of a new advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) aimed at tissue engineering for severe hypospadias patient’s urethra reconstruction. The ATMP would consist of ex vivo expanded autologous human oral mucosa epithelial keratinocytes containing stem cells grown on a biocompatible fibrin scaffold. Urethral and oral mucosa keratinocytes cultures were performed under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). Cell and tissue characterization and evaluation were aimed at determining whether oral mucosa epithelia could work as a substitute for urethra engineering after in vitro culturing and expansion. The long-term regenerative properties of both tissues were confirmed, and single-clone assays were performed to analyze epithelial stem cell content, and gene expression profiles. Comparison of the two epithelia revealed the same high proliferative potential for urethra and oral mucosa cultures. Marker expression was very similar, although maintenance of specific markers occurred. Clonal analysis did not highlight a significantly different stem cell proportion. Preclinical experiments were accomplished to assess ATMP identity, purity, and potency. Therefore, thanks to cells selected by means of epithelial stem cell markers, and ATMP regenerative potency and purity evaluations, the resulting cultured tissue can engraft and persist, self-renew over time and stimulate resident urethral cell proliferation. Additionally, the patient selection and the protocol for clinical trial were defined. Finally, fibrosis-derived urethral stenosis is one of the main complications after primary hypospadias treatment, therefore, the inflammatory profile of patients was investigated to predict the stricture susceptibility. Urinary proteomes have been examined to distinguish patients likely to develop inflammatory-related complications. In the long run, the analysis of those biomarkers could be predictive of the clinical success and can aid at a well-defined patient selection for therapy improvement.

Recentemente la ricostruzione uretrale ha ricevuto attenzioni sempre più crescenti a causa di patologie come l’ipospadia, una malformazione dei genitali maschili molto comune, con una prevalenza europea di circa 18,6 casi ogni 10.000 nati ed un alto tasso di stenosi uretrali dovuti a terapie fallimentari. Purtroppo, le procedure chirurgiche attuali prevedono complicazioni molto frequenti dopo il trattamento e circa metà dei pazienti hanno bisogno di un secondo intervento. Varie tecniche chirurgiche sono state sviluppate per cercare di ottenere il miglior rapporto rischio-beneficio. Una di queste utilizza un innesto di mucosa orale a spessore parziale per la ricostruzione del lume uretrale, portando però altre complicazioni al sito di prelievo, come dolore, difficoltà persistente nell’aprire la bocca ed infezioni. L’ingegneria tissutale e le colture di cellule staminali epiteliali possono migliorare la chirurgia dell’ipospadia, riducendo l’invasività e risolvendo problemi come la mancanza di scegliere la dimensione dell’innesto ed avere soltanto due possibilità di prelievo della mucosa orale. Infatti, grandi quantità di tessuto possono essere prodotte a partire da poche cellule staminali derivanti da una piccola biopsia per la rigenerazione di un tessuto perso o danneggiato, supportando la guarigione della ferita, limitando reazioni infiammatorie e diminuendo complicazioni post-operatorie. Perciò questo studio esplora la possibilità di sviluppare un nuovo prodotto medicinale di terapia avanzata (ATMP) finalizzato all’ingegneria tissutale dell’uretra per pazienti affetti da gravi forme d’ipospadia. L’ATMP consisterebbe di cheratinociti autologhi di mucosa orale umana espansi ex vivo e coltivati su un supporto biodegradabile di fibrina. Le colture di cheratinociti uretrali e buccali sono state eseguite seguendo le norme vigenti di buona fabbricazione (GMP). Le caratterizzazioni cellulare e tissutale sono state compiute per determinare se l’epitelio della mucosa orale può funzionare come sostituto per l’ingegnerizzazione dell’uretra dopo la coltura e l’espansione in vitro. Le proprietà rigenerative a lungo termine di entrambi i tessuti sono state confermate e saggi su singoli cloni sono stati eseguiti per analizzare il contenuto di cellule staminali epiteliali ed i profili di espressione genica. I confronti di entrambi gli epiteli hanno rivelato lo stesso alto potenziale proliferativo. L’espressione dei marcatori è stata analoga, pur mantenendo l’espressione di marcatori specifici. Le analisi clonali non hanno sottolineato differenti proporzioni del compartimento staminale. Esami preclinici sono stati eseguiti per determinare l’identità, la purezza e la potenza dell’ATMP. Grazie alla selezione di cellule mediante marcatori staminali epiteliali, le valutazioni della potenza rigenerativa e della purezza dell’ATMP, il risultante tessuto coltivato può persistere nel sito, autorigenerarsi e stimolare la proliferazione delle cellule uretrali residenti. Inoltre, sono stati definiti i protocolli per la selezione dei pazienti e per la sperimentazione clinica. Infine, le stenosi uretrali derivanti da fibrosi sono una delle maggiori complicazioni dopo il trattamento dell’ipospadia, perciò il profilo infiammatorio di pazienti è stato investigato per predire la tendenza allo sviluppo di stenosi. I proteomi urinari sono stati esaminati per distinguere pazienti con possibilità di sviluppare complicazioni correlate allo stato infiammatorio. In futuro, le analisi di specifici biomarcatori potrebbero essere predittive del successo clinico e favorire una migliore selezione dei pazienti per il perfezionamento della terapia.

Studio preclinico di un ATMP per il trattamento dell’ipospadia / Matteo Melonari , 2020 Mar 13. 32. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2018/2019.

Studio preclinico di un ATMP per il trattamento dell’ipospadia

MELONARI, MATTEO
2020

Abstract

Urethral reconstruction has received growing attention in recent years due to pathologies such as hypospadias, a very common congenital male genitalia malformation with a European prevalence of around 18.6 new cases per 10,000 births, and a very high urethral stricture recurrence rate after treatment. Unfortunately, the current care standard to repair hypospadias expects a high long-term complication rate requiring repeated surgery in approximately half of the patients. Various surgical techniques have been developed to obtain the best risk-to-benefit ratio, and one of them operates using a split-thickness autologous oral mucosa grafts for urethral plate substitution. However, this procedure adds other complications at donor site such as pain, persistent difficulty in mouth opening, and infections. Tissue engineering and epithelial stem cell culture can further improve hypospadias surgery, reducing invasiveness and morbidity, and overcoming issues such as customizable graft size lack and only two tissue withdrawal chances. Indeed, large tissue amounts can be obtained from few stem cells deriving from a small biopsy for damaged or lost tissue repair and regeneration, supporting wound healing, limiting inflammatory reactions, and decreasing post-operative complications. Therefore, this study explores the feasibility of a new advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) aimed at tissue engineering for severe hypospadias patient’s urethra reconstruction. The ATMP would consist of ex vivo expanded autologous human oral mucosa epithelial keratinocytes containing stem cells grown on a biocompatible fibrin scaffold. Urethral and oral mucosa keratinocytes cultures were performed under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). Cell and tissue characterization and evaluation were aimed at determining whether oral mucosa epithelia could work as a substitute for urethra engineering after in vitro culturing and expansion. The long-term regenerative properties of both tissues were confirmed, and single-clone assays were performed to analyze epithelial stem cell content, and gene expression profiles. Comparison of the two epithelia revealed the same high proliferative potential for urethra and oral mucosa cultures. Marker expression was very similar, although maintenance of specific markers occurred. Clonal analysis did not highlight a significantly different stem cell proportion. Preclinical experiments were accomplished to assess ATMP identity, purity, and potency. Therefore, thanks to cells selected by means of epithelial stem cell markers, and ATMP regenerative potency and purity evaluations, the resulting cultured tissue can engraft and persist, self-renew over time and stimulate resident urethral cell proliferation. Additionally, the patient selection and the protocol for clinical trial were defined. Finally, fibrosis-derived urethral stenosis is one of the main complications after primary hypospadias treatment, therefore, the inflammatory profile of patients was investigated to predict the stricture susceptibility. Urinary proteomes have been examined to distinguish patients likely to develop inflammatory-related complications. In the long run, the analysis of those biomarkers could be predictive of the clinical success and can aid at a well-defined patient selection for therapy improvement.
Preclinical assessment of an ATMP for severe hypospadias treatment
13-mar-2020
PELLEGRINI, Graziella
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1200054
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