Invasive Alien Species (IAS) can affect negatively the biotic and abiotic components of the areas of introduction, alter ecological communities, enhance the diffusion of pathogens and/or diseases thus, determining severe impacts on biodiversity, healthcare and economy. Understanding the dynamics underlying the invasion process, either in its theoretical and practical aspects, is the key to prevent further invasion and to improve the management of established species avoiding harmful effects on the environment and non-target organisms. The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) is an invasive alien species native to eastern Asia. Its presence outside the original area of distribution has been recorded for the first time in North America and, more recently, in Europe, where it is spreading rapidly across all countries. Other than being a household pest all over its introduced range, this stink bug is causing great economic losses in orchards/crops due to its highly polyphagous nature and bivoltinism. The purposes of this doctoral study were: i. the implementation of molecular tools to determine the patterns of introduction and dispersal of established populations, ii. early detect the presence of H. halys propagules, iii. and identify native potential predators. As first part of the project, the explorative analysis of the genomic structure of Italian and Greek populations of H. halys was investigated with the Restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) method in order to identify the genetic variability, the patterns of introduction and dispersal of the individuals with the most widespread mitochondrial haplotype as evidenced in the previous study (Cesari et al. 2018). The analysis evidenced the presence of two main clusters, the first one included only individuals from Emilia-Romagna region (IT) while the second one gathered those from North Italy, Tuscany (IT) and Greece. A deeper analysis hinted a further subdivision of the second cluster in three subclusters, two included individuals from different geographic regions, while one included only specimens from Veneto region (IT) and was characterized by the highest within-cluster differentiation. These results suggest that analysed populations have originated from multiple invasion events and highlight high mobility of the species, as evidenced by the presence of two geographically mixed clusters, likely enhanced by human activities. The other part of the project was focused on testing the efficacy of a qualitative Real-Time PCR protocol to assess the predatory potential of different insectivorous animals by detecting the presence of H. halys DNA in chiropteran guano samples and arthropod gut-content. Guano analysis from Italian bat species collected in the Italian regions of Piedmont, Aosta Valley and Tuscany led to the identification of two genera of bats (Myotis, Nyctalus) feeding on H. halys, with four positive hits found from agricultural sites in Piedmont and two positive hits in Tuscany natural areas. The gut-contents analysis of potential arthropod predators collected in two urban parks in Emilia-Romagna (IT), also scored twenty-three positive results, identifying ten H. halys predator species among insects and arachnids. Present data prove that the species-specific Real-Time PCR assay can address different biological questions (e.g. early detection of pests, predation rates) and operate on very different substrates. Both methods validate the reliability of molecular approaches to address various problematics in invasive species studies, thus setting the stage for the development of adaptable protocols for different case studies.

Le specie aliene invasive possono influenzare negativamente le componenti biotiche e abiotiche delle aree di introduzione, alterare le comunità ecologiche, favorire la diffusione di patogeni e/o malattie determinando gravi danni alla biodiversità, salute ed economia. Capire le dinamiche alla base del processo di invasione, nei suoi aspetti teorici e pratici, è la chiave per prevenire ulteriori invasioni e per migliorare la gestione delle specie introdotte evitando effetti avversi sull’ambiente e sulla biodiversità locale. La cimice marmorizzata bruna, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) è una specie aliena invasiva nativa dell’Asia orientale. È stata segnalata per la prima volta, al di fuori del suo areale originario, in Nord America e recentemente in Europa, dove si sta rapidamente diffondendo. Oltre ad essere un infestante urbano nelle aree di introduzione, questa cimice sta causando enormi perdite economiche in agricoltura essendo altamente polifaga e presentando due generazioni all’anno. Gli obiettivi di questo studio di Dottorato erano: i. l’applicazione di metodi molecolari per la determinazione delle strategie di introduzione e dispersione delle popolazioni introdotte, ii. l’individuazione precoce dei propaguli di H. halys, iii. l’identificazione dei potenziali predatori autoctoni. Come prima parte del progetto è stata condotta un’analisi esplorativa della struttura genetica delle popolazioni italiane e Greche mediante il metodo del Restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq), al fine di identificare la variabilità genetica, i pattern di introduzione e dispersione degli individui con l’aplotipo mitocondriale più diffuso, secondo uno studio precedente (Cesari et al. 2018). L’analisi ha evidenziato la presenza di due gruppi principali, il primo include solo individui dall’Emilia-Romagna (IT), mentre il secondo include individui dal Nord Italia, Toscana (IT) e Grecia. Un’analisi più dettagliata ha suggerito un’ulteriore suddivisione del secondo gruppo in tre sottogruppi, due includono individui da differenti aree geografiche mentre, uno include solo individui dal Veneto (IT) ed è il gruppo con la maggiore diversità. Tali risultati suggeriscono che le popolazioni analizzate hanno avuto origine da invasioni multiple e la presenza di due gruppi geograficamente misti, ha evidenziato l’elevata mobilità della specie probabilmente avvantaggiata dalle attività umane. Una seconda parte del progetto si è focalizzata sul testare l’efficacia di un protocollo di Real-Time PCR di tipo qualitativo per determinare il potenziale predatorio di diversi animali insettivori, individuando la presenza di DNA di H. halys in campioni di guano di chirotteri e nel contenuto intestinale di artropodi. L’analisi del guano di pipistrelli italiani campionato in Piemonte, Valle d’Aosta e Toscana, ha portato all’identificazione di due generi di pipistrello (Myotis, Nyctalus) che si nutrono di H. halys, come provato da quattro campioni positivi da aree agricole del Piemonte e due campioni positivi da aree naturali della Toscana. Anche con l’analisi del contenuto intestinale di potenziali artropodi predatori, campionati in due parchi urbani in Emilia-Romagna (IT), sono stati ottenuti ventitré campioni positivi, identificando specie predatrici di H. halys tra insetti e aracnidi. Questi dati confermano come, questo saggio di Real-Time PCR specie-specifico, possa essere applicato per diversi quesiti biologici (es. identificazione precoce, tassi di predazione) e operare su substrati molto differenti. Entrambi i metodi validano l’affidabilità degli approcci molecolari per la risoluzione di varie problematiche negli studi di specie invasive, ponendo le basi per lo sviluppo di protocolli facilmente adattabili ai diversi casi studio.

Identificazione e analisi della struttura di popolazione della specie aliena invasiva Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) mediante approcci molecolari / Lucia Piemontese , 2020 Feb 17. 32. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2018/2019.

Identificazione e analisi della struttura di popolazione della specie aliena invasiva Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) mediante approcci molecolari.

PIEMONTESE, LUCIA
2020

Abstract

Invasive Alien Species (IAS) can affect negatively the biotic and abiotic components of the areas of introduction, alter ecological communities, enhance the diffusion of pathogens and/or diseases thus, determining severe impacts on biodiversity, healthcare and economy. Understanding the dynamics underlying the invasion process, either in its theoretical and practical aspects, is the key to prevent further invasion and to improve the management of established species avoiding harmful effects on the environment and non-target organisms. The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) is an invasive alien species native to eastern Asia. Its presence outside the original area of distribution has been recorded for the first time in North America and, more recently, in Europe, where it is spreading rapidly across all countries. Other than being a household pest all over its introduced range, this stink bug is causing great economic losses in orchards/crops due to its highly polyphagous nature and bivoltinism. The purposes of this doctoral study were: i. the implementation of molecular tools to determine the patterns of introduction and dispersal of established populations, ii. early detect the presence of H. halys propagules, iii. and identify native potential predators. As first part of the project, the explorative analysis of the genomic structure of Italian and Greek populations of H. halys was investigated with the Restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) method in order to identify the genetic variability, the patterns of introduction and dispersal of the individuals with the most widespread mitochondrial haplotype as evidenced in the previous study (Cesari et al. 2018). The analysis evidenced the presence of two main clusters, the first one included only individuals from Emilia-Romagna region (IT) while the second one gathered those from North Italy, Tuscany (IT) and Greece. A deeper analysis hinted a further subdivision of the second cluster in three subclusters, two included individuals from different geographic regions, while one included only specimens from Veneto region (IT) and was characterized by the highest within-cluster differentiation. These results suggest that analysed populations have originated from multiple invasion events and highlight high mobility of the species, as evidenced by the presence of two geographically mixed clusters, likely enhanced by human activities. The other part of the project was focused on testing the efficacy of a qualitative Real-Time PCR protocol to assess the predatory potential of different insectivorous animals by detecting the presence of H. halys DNA in chiropteran guano samples and arthropod gut-content. Guano analysis from Italian bat species collected in the Italian regions of Piedmont, Aosta Valley and Tuscany led to the identification of two genera of bats (Myotis, Nyctalus) feeding on H. halys, with four positive hits found from agricultural sites in Piedmont and two positive hits in Tuscany natural areas. The gut-contents analysis of potential arthropod predators collected in two urban parks in Emilia-Romagna (IT), also scored twenty-three positive results, identifying ten H. halys predator species among insects and arachnids. Present data prove that the species-specific Real-Time PCR assay can address different biological questions (e.g. early detection of pests, predation rates) and operate on very different substrates. Both methods validate the reliability of molecular approaches to address various problematics in invasive species studies, thus setting the stage for the development of adaptable protocols for different case studies.
Detection and population structure assessment of the invasive alien species Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) using molecular approaches.
17-feb-2020
GUIDETTI, Roberto
REBECCHI, Lorena
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