PALYNOLOGICAL APPROACH TO RECONSTRUCT LONG-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AND HUMAN IMPACT AT MORGANTINA (SICILY)

The palynological research has the potential to reconstruct plant landscape, land-use and ethnobotanical-agricultural exploitation based on the microscopic plant remains unearthed from archaeological sites [1,2]. The first palynological investigation at Morgantina, an ancient Greek and Roman center located in east-central Sicily, was carried out between 2016 and 2019 with the main aim of contributing new insights on ancient foodways and economic activity at the archaeological site. Moreover, the floristic list permits us to infer the main habitats and environmental feautures of the surrounding territory, which might have offered natural resources or spaces for agriculture. In 2018, 30 pollen samples were collected from a 5-meters deep trench that was excavated in the area of the city’s ancient agora. The 2018 trench revealed a stratigraphic sequence that encompassed the entire arc of human occupation at the site, from Neolithic to present day. Pollen, NPPs (palaeoecological bioindicators of local conditions such as fungal and algal remains) and charcoal particles (indicative of local or regional fires) were analysed. Only a third of the samples contained enough pollen to carry out the analyses; notably, there were lowpreserved pollen grains reflecting oxidation (open air context), trampling (local presence of people, or animals) and human activities like the floor preparation in the agora. Palynological data suggest some main features of the landscape next to the site and in the surroundings: open landscape with shrubby Mediterranean vegetation and scattered waterplaces, with synanthropic plants covering most areas including margins of fields and houses. The oldest phases of the pollen sequence show the lowest evidence of human environments. Here, the pastoral indicators may be evidence of an open pastureland browsed by wild animals or even frequented by seasonal pastoral activity. Pollen suggests that human activities have a clear impact on flora (synanthropic species) and cultivation (cereals) starting just before the Roman phases. These results, compared to the regional pollen data [3] and integrated with geo-archaeological investigations provide a long-term perspective on the environmental changes and human impact on the landscape of this central Mediterranean region.