Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are innovative materials whose composition and/or microstructure gradually vary in space according to a designed law. As a result, also the properties gradually vary in space, so as to meet specific non-homogeneous service requirements without any abrupt interface at the macroscale. FGMs are emerging materials for orthopedic prostheses, since the functional gradient can be adapted to reproduce the local properties of the original bone, which helps to minimize the stress shielding effect and, at the same time, to reduce the shear stress between the implant and the surrounding bone tissue, two critical prerequisites for a longer lifespan of the graft. After a brief introduction to the origin of the FGM concept, the review surveys some representative examples of graded systems which are present in nature and, in particular, in the human body, with a focus on bone tissue. Then the rationale for using FGMs in orthopedic devices is discussed more in detail, taking into account both biological and biomechanical requirements. The core of the paper is dedicated to two fundamental topics, which are essential to benefit from the use of FGMs for orthopedic applications, namely (1) the computational tools for materials design and geometry optimization, and (2) the manufacturing techniques currently available to produce FGM-based grafts. This second part, in its turn, is structured to consider the production of functionally graded coatings (FGCs), of functionally graded 3D parts, and of special devices with a gradient in porosity (functionally graded scaffolds). The inspection of the literature on the argument clearly shows that the integration of design and manufacturing remains a critical step to overpass in order to achieve effective FGM-based implants.

Functionally graded materials for orthopedic applications – an update on design and manufacturing / Sola, Antonella; Bellucci, Devis; Cannillo, Valeria. - In: BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES. - ISSN 0734-9750. - 34:5(2016), pp. 504-531. [10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.12.013]

Functionally graded materials for orthopedic applications – an update on design and manufacturing

SOLA, Antonella;BELLUCCI, Devis;CANNILLO, Valeria
2016

Abstract

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are innovative materials whose composition and/or microstructure gradually vary in space according to a designed law. As a result, also the properties gradually vary in space, so as to meet specific non-homogeneous service requirements without any abrupt interface at the macroscale. FGMs are emerging materials for orthopedic prostheses, since the functional gradient can be adapted to reproduce the local properties of the original bone, which helps to minimize the stress shielding effect and, at the same time, to reduce the shear stress between the implant and the surrounding bone tissue, two critical prerequisites for a longer lifespan of the graft. After a brief introduction to the origin of the FGM concept, the review surveys some representative examples of graded systems which are present in nature and, in particular, in the human body, with a focus on bone tissue. Then the rationale for using FGMs in orthopedic devices is discussed more in detail, taking into account both biological and biomechanical requirements. The core of the paper is dedicated to two fundamental topics, which are essential to benefit from the use of FGMs for orthopedic applications, namely (1) the computational tools for materials design and geometry optimization, and (2) the manufacturing techniques currently available to produce FGM-based grafts. This second part, in its turn, is structured to consider the production of functionally graded coatings (FGCs), of functionally graded 3D parts, and of special devices with a gradient in porosity (functionally graded scaffolds). The inspection of the literature on the argument clearly shows that the integration of design and manufacturing remains a critical step to overpass in order to achieve effective FGM-based implants.
2016
3-gen-2016
34
5
504
531
Functionally graded materials for orthopedic applications – an update on design and manufacturing / Sola, Antonella; Bellucci, Devis; Cannillo, Valeria. - In: BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES. - ISSN 0734-9750. - 34:5(2016), pp. 504-531. [10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.12.013]
Sola, Antonella; Bellucci, Devis; Cannillo, Valeria
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
1-s2.0-S0734975015300689-main.pdf

Accesso riservato

Tipologia: Versione pubblicata dall'editore
Dimensione 1.7 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
1.7 MB Adobe PDF   Visualizza/Apri   Richiedi una copia
POSTPRINTsola2016.pdf

Open access

Tipologia: Versione dell'autore revisionata e accettata per la pubblicazione
Dimensione 1.39 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
1.39 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri
Pubblicazioni consigliate

Licenza Creative Commons
I metadati presenti in IRIS UNIMORE sono rilasciati con licenza Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal, mentre i file delle pubblicazioni sono rilasciati con licenza Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale (CC BY 4.0), salvo diversa indicazione.
In caso di violazione di copyright, contattare Supporto Iris

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11380/1132321
Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? 26
  • Scopus 219
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? 194
social impact